Kaleidoscope Of Physics, The: From Soap Bubbles To Quantum Technologies by Attilio Rigamonti;Andrey Varlamov;Jacques Villain;

Author:Attilio Rigamonti;Andrey Varlamov;Jacques Villain;
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: World Scientific Publishing Company
Published: 2023-08-15T00:00:00+00:00

Table 1. Pressure of water-saturated vapour at representative temperatures.

T (°C) 96 98 100 102 105 110 115 120 125

P (kPa) 87.7 94.3 101.3 109 120 143 169 196 232

Figure 2. As soon as the temperature of the water becomes high enough, bubbles appear on the defects of the bottom of the kettle. Due to the action of surface tension forces, while their volume is small, the bubbles remain at the bottom and, being filled with steam, gradually grow.

Therefore, bubbles appear primarily on the bottom of the kettle, being hotter. But even there, the nucleation of a bubble is not easy: after all, at first, while the radius of the bubble is still small, the Laplace pressure which must resist the air and the vapour is very large! Experiments have shown that the appearance of bubbles most often occurs at defects in the bottom of the kettle, where conditions for nucleation are more favourable: the initial size of the bubble is determined by the characteristic size of the defect (Fig. 2). It is said that such nucleation is heterogeneous, in contrast to homogeneous nucleation when bubbles appear in the volume of the liquid.

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