The African Exception by Ulf Engel

Author:Ulf Engel [Engel, Ulf]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Tags: Political Science, General
ISBN: 9781351147903
Google: 1pxADwAAQBAJ
Goodreads: 36983839
Publisher: Routledge
Published: 2005-03-01T00:00:00+00:00

Notes

1 See the OECD web page for the latest available data: <http://www.oecd.org>.

2 O'Connell and Soludo (2001), table 9. Note that the debt-servicing performance was almost certainly worse in the 1980s.

3 These averages do not include adjustment for the leaders who are right censored by virtue of the fact that they were in power at the end of 1998. The numbers are adapted from the data appendix of Bienen and van de Walle (1991).

4 They were Dos Santos (Angola), Gouled (Djibouti), Nguema (Equatorial Guinea), Bongo (Gabon), Moi (Kenya), Eyadema (Togo) and Mugabe (Zimbabwe).

5 The discovery of substantial oil reserves in Equatorial Guinea in the early 1990s gives a skewed view of that country's economic performance.

6 See for example World Bank (1998).

7 The best analysis of these issues is provided by Lindauer and Nunberg (1994).

8 On Tanzania see Stevens, M. (1994); on Cameroon and Guinea Bissau Lienert and Modi (1997:42); on Ghana and Gambia see de Merode (1991:4-12); and Haque and Aziz (1998:14). On salary arrears see van de Walle (2001a: 71).

9 See Robinson and White (2000: 12-13).

10 SIPRI numbers, cited in UNDP (1999: 188-191).

11 The first two numbers are cited in Bratton and van de Walle (1997: 71). The numbers for 1997 were calculated by the author from various sources. They concern lower houses of parliament, and exclude ex officio members.

12 On the Ivoirian administration and its political functions over time see Crook (1989), Crook and Manor (1999) and Bakary (1994).

13 This point was brilliantly argued over twenty years ago by Tendler (1975).

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