State-Building in Kazakhstan by Sharipova Dina;

Author:Sharipova, Dina; [Sharipova, Dina]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Lexington Books/Fortress Academic
Published: 2018-05-31T00:00:00+00:00

Chapter Four

Informal Payments and Connections in the Education System

The development of the education system in the Soviet Union can be divided into several stages. The first stage (1920s–1930s) included the liquidation of illiteracy and the introduction of mandatory primary education. The second stage (1950s–1960s) was characterized by the implementation of mandatory tertiary education. And the third phase (1970s) comprised the population’s completion of secondary education.1 The liquidation of illiteracy and education of the population was one of the important goals of Soviet leadership. In 1932 the Central Executive Committee of the Kazakh Autonomous Republic adopted a decree on the education of the illiterate population from fifteen to fifty years old. One of the achievements of the Soviet power in Kazakhstan was the elimination of illiteracy and introduction of mandatory secondary education. If in 1920 only 14.4 percent of the population was literate, by 1970 almost all citizens received either tertiary or secondary education.2 Higher education was also developing rapidly in Kazakhstan. In the late 1980s, there were 55 universities with 274,000 students,3 244 vocational schools, and 474 professional-technical schools.4 The rate of students was 166 per 10,000 people, which was higher than in other Union republics of Middle Asia but lower of the Soviet Union level.

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