Migrants, Minorities, and the Media by Erik Bleich Irene Bloemraad Els de Graauw

Author:Erik Bleich, Irene Bloemraad, Els de Graauw [Erik Bleich, Irene Bloemraad, Els de Graauw]
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9781138232815
Goodreads: 31160484
Publisher: Routledge
Published: 2016-11-28T00:00:00+00:00

Figure 2. Frequency of framing cues used by media type, UK (2001–2012, quarterly).

Figure 3. Frequency of framing cues used by media type, Canada (2001–2012, quarterly).

Figures 2 and 3 further support these findings, this time examining the proportion of framing cues. The panels in each figure illustrate a single frame, comparing the frequency of usage by each media type.8 Looking at the data from this perspective highlights some subtle variations in the framing choices made by media outlets. In the British case (Figure 2), national papers use the greatest number of framing cues in every case except crime frames, where historical and eventually new gateway city papers dominate. This suggests that even though new gateway and historical gateway papers are increasing their use of framing cues, national papers still use a greater number of framing cues, particularly when it comes to economic growth and security frames. In evaluating the data this way, we see some support for the hypothesis that national papers emphasise broader national frames such as economic growth and security. However, this finding is tempered by the fact that national papers also use the most unemployment framing cues for most of the early and mid-2000s, which works against the expected hypothesis. Where we see some additional conformity to expectations is in crime framing. From 2009 onwards, crime frames are used in greater numbers by new gateway papers, suggesting that cities with more recent experience with immigration may be more likely to characterise immigration in terms of threats of violence with personal or local consequences.

A similar analysis in the Canadian context (Figure 3) shows greater variation in the way the media use framing cues, and indeed, some conformity with the hypothesised relationships. Print media in historical gateway cities use more economic growth and unemployment framing cues than their new gateway or national counterparts, although both of these trends have declined in recent years. National papers, by contrast, are responsible for the largest volume of security, while crime framing cues are alternately used more frequently by historical and new gateway cities.

To sum up the findings, there is limited evidence that local papers, either in historical or new gateway cities, consistently use frames that have inherently local implications such as crime and employment at the expense of ‘broader’ thematic frames such as economic growth or national security. Similarly, there is no indication that national newspapers necessarily emphasise ‘national’ considerations more than local papers, at least not with clear consistency. Indeed, despite some over-time variation, national newspapers behave a lot like their local counterparts and, in the UK, use all types of framing cues more frequently than local news media. Historical gateway papers use unemployment and economic frames more readily than security frames in Canada, though the opposite is true in the UK. New gateways emphasise crime and, increasingly, security frames over economic considerations in the UK. By contrast, in Canada, there is an increase in economic framing at the expense of crime and security framing. These findings suggest that trends in framing

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