Memory Landscapes of the Inka Carved Outcrops by Christie Jessica Joyce;Meddens Frank;

Author:Christie , Jessica Joyce;Meddens, Frank; [Christie, Jessica Joyce]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Lexington Books
Published: 2015-08-15T00:00:00+00:00

Notes

1. It must be stated clearly that the chronology of the Titicaca Basin is still being debated among scholars. In the recent literature at the time of this writing, Charles Stanish (2003:89–90) proposes a general chronology divided into eight periods: Late Archaic (circa 5000–2000 B.C.), Early Formative (circa 2000–1300 B.C.), Middle Formative (1300–500 B.C.), Upper Formative (500 B.C.–A.D. 400), Expansive Tiwanaku (A.D. 400–1100), Altiplano (A.D. 1100–1450), Expansive Inca (A.D. 1450–1532), and Early Spanish Colonial (A.D. 1532–1700). Alongside this general chronology, he places local historical ones, providing a dual system for each area of the Titicaca Basin. Stanish (2003:139–140) dates the full cultural development of Pucara between approximately 200 B.C. and A.D. 200 and understands it as a historical period in the northern part of the Basin (2003:90).

2. The first sedentary populations living in permanent villages developed in the Early Formative beginning about 2000 B.C. (Stanish 2003:99).

3. The primary sources Salles-Reese (1997:184–185, note 23) consulted are Bartolome de Las Casas (1550), Juan de Betanzos (1551), Pedro Cieza de Leon (1553), Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa (1572) two versions, Cristobal de Molina, el Cusqueno (1575), Pedro Gutierrez de Santa Clara (end of sixteenth century), Jose de Acosta (1590) two versions, Joan de Santacruz Pachacuti Yamqui (1613), Antonio de la Calancha (1637), and Bernabe Cobo (1653) five versions.

4. According to Stanish (2003:237), the Inca took control of the Titicaca Basin between A.D. 1450 and 1475.

5. Salles-Reese used as sources Francisco Lopez de Gomara (1552), Agustin de Zarate (1555), Pedro Pizarro (1571), Cristobal de Molina, “El Cusqueno” (1575), Martin de Murua (1590), three different versions of Garcilaso de la Vega (1605), Juan de Santacruz Pachacuti Yamqui (1613), Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala (1613), Buenaventura de Salinas y Cordova (1630), Antonio Vasquez de Espinosa (1630), and four different versions of Bernabe de Cobo (1653) (1997:186, note 46).

6. Trimborn (1967:16) notes that he found “none or few Inca potsherds” in association with the Horca del Inca or Intinkala. Portugal and Ibarra (1957:24) claim that their careful study of the precontact monuments in and around Copacabana shows that they originated in the Tiwanaku period. However, they never explain what kind of study they did or the basis for their attribution.

7. Of course, it is always conceivable that some of the sculptures may have been begun during Tiwanaku times, and the similarities between Tiwanaku and Cusco carving styles have been mentioned above. So far and to my knowledge, there has been no archaeological report that presents solid material evidence that the Copacabana rock art sites would not be Inka.

8. In June 2012, a concert was staged at the archaeological site as part of the winter solstice celebrations.

9. Apparently his observations contradict those made by INA less than ten years later (see above).

10. Mantilla (1972:68–69) includes a historical reference which states that on the site where the Church of the Virgen of Copacabana stands today had indeed been an Inka sanctuary where pagan sacrifices were conducted.

11. On top of the hill Llallagua (?), at the foot

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