Future Oil Demands of China, India, and Japan by Eberling George G.;

Author:Eberling, George G.;
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 1732041
Publisher: Lexington Books

China–Sudan–India–Japan Diplomatic/Political Relations

Indo-Sudanese diplomatic relations go back five thousand years. Bilateral relations are cordial and friendly.41 Strong political relations continue between India and Sudan in different regional and international fora.42 Both countries see their relations as a model of South-South cooperation, supporting the restructuring of the United Nations and the Non-Aligned Movement.43

Since diplomatic relations were first established there have been many bilateral agreements regarding oil and gas cooperation (India–Sudan Joint Working Group) and almost thirty bilateral agreements covering trade, science and technology, media, culture, consultations, business, small industries, legal matters, air services, and agriculture.44 India also trains Sudanese diplomats at its Foreign Service Institute in New Delhi as well as its petroleum sector technical personnel.45

India and South Sudan have traditional and long standing ties before diplomatic relations were established on July 9, 2011, when South Sudan achieved independence.46 India was the first country from Asia to open a consulate in Juba, the capital of South Sudan.47 India was also one of the first countries to formally recognize South Sudan.48 Since independence, many high-level bilateral visits have occurred to strengthen relations. India is committed to South Sudan’s development in the areas of health, agriculture, irrigation, education, infrastructure, and energy.49 Although Sudan and South Sudan are independent, South Sudan is especially important in terms of energy because 75 percent of Sudan’s oil reserves are in South Sudan.50

Japanese–Sudanese diplomatic relations were established in January 1956.51 Bilateral relations have been relatively good even though the two countries have engaged in little active trade and or the exchange of nationals.52 Japan has been actively engaged in Sudan’s development in terms of food security, primary health care, and water and sanitation since the 1980s to the early 1990s but security, political rights and the human rights situation have cast a dark shadow over their bilateral relationship.53

Japanese–South Sudanese diplomatic relations were established on July 9, 2011.54 Little is known about the bilateral relationship except that Japan is providing technical assistance, infrastructure development, the deployment of an engineering contingent of the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS), and constructing a new $100 million bridge over the Nile river in Juba.55 Moreover, the Toyota Tsusho Corporation agreed to build an oil pipeline from South Sudan to Lamu Port in Kenya.56 Further, South Sudan signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with Kenya, Ethiopia, and Djibouti to possibly build a pipeline either to the Kenyan Port of Lamu or to the Port of Djibouti through Ethiopia.57 If the pipeline is built, South Sudan will no longer be economically hostage to Sudan especially since oil represents 98 percent of South Sudan’s total government revenues.58

Sino-Sudanese diplomatic relations were established in January 1959. Since diplomatic ties were established, China and Sudan have enjoyed a traditional friendship.59

Their political relations are considered close and firmly bilateral.60 They extend to forms of cooperative interaction in regional organizations like FOCAC or the China-Arab Cooperation Forum and international organizations like the United Nations or the G77.61

Sino-South Sudan diplomatic relations were established when South Sudan achieved independence on July 9, 2011.

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