A Century of Segregation by Ware Leland;

Author:Ware, Leland;
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Lexington Books/Fortress Academic

At least one-third of all African Americans reside in hyper-segregated, inner-city communities.70 African Americans residing in these neighborhoods live in areas where schools are inferior, crime rates are higher, home values are lower, and services are virtually non-existent. This was not an accident or the product of private choices. African Americans were excluded from White neighborhoods by decades of public policies and private practices. Federal policies prevented African Americans from participating in the largest wealth-producing program in American history—access to single family homes in suburban communities. These communities could not have been developed without mortgages insured by the Federal Housing Administration and Veterans Administration.

The wealth created from the 1940s through the late 1960s provided the foundation for the creation of the White middle class. Home ownership in suburban communities created wealth that has been transferred across generations. Racial exclusion from home ownership is a large cause of the low net worth of African-American families compared to Whites.71 As the discussion in the following chapter will show, segregated neighborhoods prevented racial integration in schools.

NOTES

1. Isabel Wilkerson, The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America’s Great Migration (New York: Random House, 2010); Nicholas Lemann, The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How it Changed America, (New York: A.A. Knopf, 1991); James N. Gregory, The Southern Diaspora: How the Great Migrations of Black and White Southerners Transformed America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005).

2. Nicholas Lemann, The Promised Land.

3. Buchanan v. Warley, 245 U.S. 60 (1917), (accessed December 17, 2017), https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/245/60/case.html.

4. American Law Institute, Restatement of the Law of Property (St. Paul, MN: American Law Institute, 1944). Sect. 406.

5. Corrigan v. Buckley, 271 U.S. 323 (1926), (accessed December 17, 2017), https://www.justia.com/search?cx=012624009653992735869%3Acyxxdwappru&q=Corrigan+v.+Buckley%2C+271+U.S.+323+%281926%29.

6. Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 (1883), (accessed December 17, 2017), https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/109/3/case.html.

7. Hansberry v. Lee, 311 U.S. 32 (1940), (accessed December 17, 2017), https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/311/32/case.html.

8. Hundley v. Gorewitz, 132 F.2d 23 (D.C. Cir. 1942), (accessed December 17, 2017), https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/132/23/1480949/.

9. Clement E. Vose, “NAACP Strategy in the Covenant Cases,” Western Reserve Law Review 6 (Jan 1, 1955): 101; Mark V. Tushnet, Making Civil Rights Law; Leland B. Ware, “Invisible Walls: An Examination of the Legal Strategy of the Restrictive Covenant Cases. (Includes Question & Answer Period Following Speech) (Symposium on the State Action Doctrine of Shelley v. Kraemer),” Washington University Law Quarterly 67, no. 3 (1989): 737–75; Natalie Y. Moore, The South Side: A Portrait of Chicago and American Segregation (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2017).

10. Hurd v. Hodge, 162 F. 2d 233 (DC Cir. (1947), (accessed December 19, 2017), https://casetext.com/case/hurd-v-hodge.

11. Shelley v. Kraemer, 198 S.W.2d 679 (Mo.1947), (accessed December 27, 2017), https://www.casemine.com/judgement/us/5914cfaaadd7b04934823341.

12. Sipes v. McGhee, 25 N.W. 2d 639 (Mich. 1947), (accessed December 19, 2017), https://casetext.com/case/sipes-v-mcghee.

13. United States and Charles Erwin Wilson, To Secure these Rights: The Report of the President’s Committee on Civil Rights (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1947).

14. Clement E. Vose, Caucasians Only: The Supreme Court, the NAACP, and the Restrictive Covenant Cases. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1959).

15. Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1, 19 (1948), (accessed December 17, 2017), https://supreme.

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