A Brief History of the Roman Empire by Stephen Kershaw

Author:Stephen Kershaw
Language: eng
Format: mobi, epub
ISBN: 9781780330495
Publisher: Constable & Robinson
Published: 2013-10-10T20:16:10+00:00

1 Gibbon, E., op. cit., chapter II, part IV.

2 Gilbert, W. S., No. 16: SONG (Lord Mountararat and Chorus), ‘When Britain really ruled the waves’, from Iolanthe, 1882.

3 Aelius Aristides, To Rome 60, tr. in Nicolet, C., The World of the Citizen in Republican Rome, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1980, p. 18.

4 Ibid. 33, tr. in Hadas, M. (ed.), A History of Rome, from its Origins to 529 AD, as told by the Roman Historians, New York: Doubleday, 1956.

5 Historia Augusta, Pius 7.1 tr. Magie, D. op. cit.

6 The traditional date of Rome’s foundation was 753 BCE: 753 + 148 – 1 (there is no ‘Year Zero’) = 900.

7 Conventionally ruled 715–673 BCE.

8 Virgil, Aeneid 6.808 ff, tr. Day Lewis, C., op. cit.

9 Historia Augusta, Pius 13.4, tr. Magie, D., op. cit.

10 Marcus Aurelius, Meditations 6.30, tr. Haines, C. R., Marcus Aurelius, Edited and Translated by C. R. Haines, Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press, 1930.

11 Historia Augusta, Pius 5.4 f., tr. Birley, A., Lives of the Later Caesars: The First Part of the Augustan History, with Newly Compiled Lives of Nerva & Trajan, London: Penguin, 1976.

12 Pausanias 8.43.4, tr. Levi, P., in Pausanias: Guide to Greece, Volume 2, Southern Greece, Translated with an Introduction by Peter Levi, rev. edn., London: Penguin Classics, 1979.

13 Breeze, D. J., The Northern Frontiers of Roman Britain, London: Batsford, 1982, p. 97.

14 Tacitus, Agricola 23.

15 RIB 1389, from Heddon-on-the-Wall, tr. Kershaw, S.

16 Marcus Aurelius, Meditations 6.30.2, tr. Haines, C. R., op. cit.

17 Coins of 161 and 162 show Marcus and Lucius standing with clasped hands and bear the legend Concord[ia] Avgvstor[um].

18 See Africa, T. W., ‘The Opium Addiction of Marcus Aurelius,’ JHI 22 (1961), 97–102.

19 Historia Augusta, Marcus Aurelius Antoninus 27.7, tr. Magie, D., op. cit.

20 Long, A. A., ‘Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius’, in Luce, T. J. ed., Ancient Writers: Greece and Rome: Vol. II, New York: Charles Scribner & Sons, 1982, p. 987.

21 It might have been Legio IX Hispana, last attested at York under Trajan and in the early second century at Nijmegen, but perhaps then transferred to the East by Hadrian.

22 Lucian, How to Write History 20.

23 Fronto Principia Historiae 13–15, tr. in Birley, A. R., ‘The Wars and Revolts’, in van Ackeren, M. ed., A Companion to Marcus Aurelius, Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012, p. 219.

24 Historia Augusta, Marcus Aurelius Antoninus 12.13. It comes to be referred to as the German War, the Northern War or the War of Many Nations as more tribes enter the picture.

25 Historia Augusta, Marcus Aurelius Antoninus 14.2, tr. Kershaw, S.

26 Ibid. 14.6.

27 CIL 4 3492 = ILS 2288.

28 Freisenbruch, A., The First Ladies of Rome: The Women Behind the Caesars, London: Jonathan Cape, 2010, p. 214.

29 Wells, C., The Roman Empire, London: Fontana Press, 2nd edn., 1992, p. 218.

30 Dio 72.36.3, tr. Cary. E., op. cit.

31 Gibbon, E., op. cit, vol. 1, part 1, chapter 1.

32 Dio 72.4.1.

33 Herodian 1.7.5, tr. Echols, E. C., Herodian of Antioch’s History of the Roman Empire, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1961.

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