The Umbrella of U.S. Power by Noam Chomsky

Author:Noam Chomsky
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Seven Stories Press
Published: 2010-06-27T16:00:00+00:00

NOTES

1 Historian David Fromkin, New York Times Book Review, May 4, 1997, summarizing recent work. Thomas Friedman, NYT, Jan. 12, 1992.

2 Bernard Crick, Times Literary Supplement, Sept. 15, 1972; reprinted in Everyman’s Library edition of Animal Farm.

3 Howard, “The Bewildered American Raj,” Harper’s, March 1985.

4 William Earl Weeks, John Quincy Adams and American Global Empire (Lexington: Kentucky, 1992), 193.

5 Audrey R. and George McT. Kahin, Subversion as Foreign Policy (New York: New Press, 1995), 30. On the British analogue, see John Saville, The Politics of Continuity (London: Verso, 1993), 156f.; and for the broader context, Mark Curtis, The Ambiguities of Power: British Foreign Policy Since 1945 (London: Zed, 1995).

6 U.S. Commerce Department, 1984, cited by Howard Wachtel, The Money Mandarins (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1990), 44.

7 Business Week, April 7, 1975.

8 Eric Helleiner, States and the Reemergence of Global Finance (Ithaca, London: Cornell U. Press, 1994), 58-62. His emphasis.

9 Comparative Politics, Jan. 1981.

10 Chomsky and Herman, The Political Economy of Human Rights (Boston: South End, 1979), I, ch. 2.1.1. Herman, Real Terror Network (Boston: South End, 1982), 126ff.

11 Joseph Wronka, Human Rights and Social Policy in the 21st Century (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1992), citing the judgment in Filartiga v. Peña (1980). For additional cases see his “Human Rights,” in R. Edwards, ed., Encyclopedia of Social Work (Washington: NASW, 1995), 1405-18.

12 Sciolino, NYT, June 15, 1993.

13 Alan Riding, NYT, June 26, 1993.

14 William Hartung, And Weapons for All (New York: Harper-Collins, 1994); Hartung, Nation, Jan. 30, 1995. The Congressional Research Service reported that the U.S. was responsible for 57% of arms sales to the third world in 1992; Financial Times, July 23, 1993. The CRS reports further that among the 11 leading arms suppliers to the “developing countries” from 1989 to 1996, the U.S. provided over 45% of the arms flow and Britain 26%. Richard Grimmett, “Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations, 1989-1996” (CRS, Washington); Jim Mann, Los Angeles Times, Oct. 8, 1997.

15 On British arms sales to Indonesia, which began in 1978 as the slaughter in East Timor was peaking, increasing sharply under Thatcher as atrocities continued (in Indonesia as well), see John Taylor, Indonesia’s Forgotten War: The Hidden History of East Timor (London: Zed, 1991), 86; John Pilger, Distant Voices (London: Vintage, 1992), 294-323. Thatcherite policy was explained by “defence procurement minister” Alan Clark: “My responsibility is to my own people. I don’t really fill my mind much with what one set of foreigners is doing to another.” Ibid., 309. By 1998, Britain had become the leading supplier of arms to Indonesia, not for defense, and over the strong protests of Amnesty International, Indonesian dissidents, and Timorese victims. Arms sales are reported to make up at least a fifth of Britain’s exports to Indonesia (estimated at 1 billion pounds), led by British Aerospace (Martyn Gregory, “World in Action,” Granada production for ITV, June 2, 9, 1997). On Rwanda, see Rwanda: Death Despair and Defiance (London: African Rights, 1994).

16 Jeff Gerth and Tim Weiner, “Arms Makers See a Bonanza in Selling NATO Expansion,” NYT, June 29, 1997.

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