Trade and Enterprise by Gad G. Gilbar;

Author:Gad G. Gilbar;
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Taylor & Francis (Unlimited)
Published: 2023-01-15T00:00:00+00:00

The increase of the cultivated area was, however, also combined with capital investment, particularly in the construction of new qanāts and the repair of old ones. Besides the increase in the cultivated area, some of those lands that were already under cultivation began to be more intensively exploited. The output of crown lands (khāliṣa) which had often been greatly neglected and mismanaged increased upon their sale to private owners. The spread of various cash crops also brought about an increase in the total crop area, as spring and summer crops (rice, cotton, etc.) were increasingly added to the cycle of agricultural production.

iii. Increased capital inputs in agricultural production came mainly from private investors, of whom the Iranian big merchants (tujjār) were very significant. Foreign trading firms, landlords and a few provincial governors also invested capital in agricultural production. The main object of investment was the improvement of the irrigation system. Not only were new qanāts constructed, but there were cases in which big merchants and landlords undertook to repair or construct new dams.

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