Why Vegan? by Peter Singer

Author:Peter Singer
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Liveright
Published: 2020-09-08T00:00:00+00:00

NOTES

1.Jennifer Viegas, ‘Chickens worry about the future,’ Discovery News, https://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2005/07/15/1415178.htm

2.Susan Milius, ‘The science of eeeeek: what a squeak can tell researchers about life, society, and all that,’ Science News, Sept 12, 1998; available at https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-21156998/the-science-of-eeeeek-what-asqueak-can-tell-researchers

3.T. C. Danbury et al., ‘Self-selection of the analgesic drug carprofen by lame broiler chickens,’ Veterinary Record, 146 (11 March 2000), pp. 307–11.

4.Jonathan Leake, ‘The Secret Lives of Moody Cows,’ Sunday Times, February 27, 2005.

5.National Chicken Council, Animal Welfare Guidelines and Audit Checklist, Washington, DC, March 2003, available at https://thepoultrysite.com/articles/animal-welfare-guidelines-and-audit-checklist. On p. 6 it is stated that ‘. . . density shall not exceed 8.5 pounds live weight per square foot.’ Since the average market weight in 2004 was 5 pounds (see www.nationalchickencouncil.com/statistics/stat_detail.cfm?id=2) this is equivalent to 85 square inches per bird.

6.M. O. North and Bell D. D., Commercial Chicken Production Manual, 4th edition (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1990), p. 456.

7.John Vidal, McLibel: Burger Culture on Trial (London: Pan Books, 1997), p. 311.

8.See H. L. Brodie et al., ‘Structures for Broiler Litter Manure Storage,’ Fact Sheet 416, Maryland Cooperative Extension, www.agnr.umd.edu/users/bioreng/fs416.htm, refer, without any suggestion of criticism, to delaying manure cleanout for three years. See also Anon., ‘Animal Waste Management Plans,’ Delaware Nutrient Management Notes, Delaware Department of Agriculture, vol. 1, no. 7 (July 2000), where the calculations are based on 90 percent of the litter remaining in place for two years.

9.C. Berg, ‘Foot-Pad Dermatitis in Broilers and Turkeys,’ Veterinaria 36 (1998); G. J. Wang, C. Ekstrand, and J. Svedberg, ‘Wet Litter and Perches as Risk Factors for the Development of Foot Pad Dermatitis in Floor-Housed Hens,’ British Poultry Science 39 (1998), pp. 191–7; C. M. Wathes, ‘Aerial Emissions from Poultry Production,’ World Poultry Science Journal 54 (1998), pp. 241–51; Kristensen and Wathes, op cit; S. Muirhead, ‘Ammonia Control Essential to Maintenance of Poultry Health,’ Feedstuffs (April 13, 1992), p. 11. On blindness caused by ammonia, see also Michael P. Lacy, ‘Litter Quality and Performance,’ University of Georgia College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, https://thepoultrysite.com/articles/litter-quality-and-broiler-performance and Karen Davis, Prisoned Chickens, Poisoned Eggs: An Inside Look at the Modern Poultry Industry, (Summertown, TN: Book Publishing Company, 1996), pp. 62–4, 92, 96–8.

10.G. Havenstein, P. Ferket, and M. Qureshi, ‘Growth, livability, and feed conversion of 1957 versus 2001 broilers when fed representative 1957 and 2001 broiler diets,’ Poultry Science 82 (2003), pp. 1500–1508.

11.S. C. Kestin, T. G. Knowles, A. E. Tinch, and N. G. Gregory, ‘Prevalence of Leg Weakness in Broiler Chickens and its Relationship with Genotype,’ Veterinary Record 131 (1992), pp. 190–9.

12.Quoted in the Guardian, October 14, 1991.

13.John Webster, Animal Welfare: A Cool Eye Towards Eden (Oxford: Blackwell Science, 1995), p. 156.

14.G. T. Tabler and A. M. Mendenhall, ‘Broiler Nutrition, Feed Intake and Grower Economics,’ Avian Advice 5(4) (Winter 2003), p. 9.

15.J. Mench, ‘Broiler breeders: feed restriction and welfare,’ World’s Poultry Science Journal, vol. 58 (2002), pp. 23–9.

16.I. J. H. Duncan, ‘The Assessment of Welfare During the Handling and Transport of Broilers,’ in J. M. Faure and A. D. Mills (eds.), Proceedings of the Third European Symposium

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