Twitterbots: Making Machines that Make Meaning (The MIT Press) by Veale Tony & Cook Mike

Author:Veale, Tony & Cook, Mike [Veale, Tony]
Language: eng
Format: azw3
Tags: social media, randomness, Twitterbots, language, communication, Twitter, creativity, poetry, juxtaposition, meaning, search, metaphor, bots, artificial intelligence
Publisher: The MIT Press
Published: 2018-08-02T16:00:00+00:00

Notes

1. The philosopher Max Black famously described metaphor as a piece of “heavily smoked glass” into which a pattern of see-through lines has been etched. Looking through the glass at the night sky, viewers can see only what the metaphor allows them to see, and they see connections where the metaphor encourages connections to be formed. Max Black, Models and Metaphor (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1962).

2. Raymond Chandler, The Lady in the Lake (New York: Vintage Books, 1943 [reprinted in 1962]).

3. “Metaphor is the dreamwork of language,” wrote Donald Davidson. He also said, “Like all dreamwork, [a metaphor’s] interpretation reflects as much on the interpreter as on the originator.” Donald Davidson, “What Metaphors Mean,” in Sheldon Sacks, ed., On Metaphor (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978).

4. The “Wordnik” service: https://www.wordnik.com/.

5. A broad-ranging interview with Darius Kazemi is in Leon Neyfakh, “The Botmaker Who Sees through the Internet,” Boston Globe, January 24, 2014, https://www.bostonglobe.com/ideas/2014/01/24/the-botmaker-who-sees-through-internet/V7Qn7HU8TPPl7MSM2TvbsJ/story.html.

6. The crowd-sourcing experiment is described in greater detail in Tony Veale, “Unnatural Selection: Seeing Human Intelligence in Artificial Creations,” Journal of General Artificial Intelligence 6, no. 1 (2015): 5–20.

7. The key Aristotle reference on metaphor is James Hutton, trans., Aristotle’s Poetics (New York: Norton, 1982).

8. Dedre Gentner has written extensively on analogy and, to a lesser extent, metaphor. The following papers are written from a computational perspective: Dedre Gentner, Brian Falkenhainer, and Janet Skorstad, “Metaphor: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly,” in Yorick Wilks, ed., Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1989); Brian Falkenhainer, Kenneth D. Forbus, and Dedre Gentner, “Structure-Mapping Engine: Algorithm and Examples,” Artificial Intelligence 41 (1989): 1–63.

9. “Law of uphill analysis and downhill invention.” Braitenberg’s book takes the reader from the simplest foundations to impressively complex behaviors: Valentino Braitenberg, Vehicles: Experiments in Synthetic Psychology (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1984)

10. The concept of optimal innovation is outlined in Rachel Giora, Ofer Fein, Ann Kronrod, Idit Elnatan, Noah Shuval, and Adi Zur, “Weapons of Mass Distraction: Optimal Innovation and Pleasure Ratings,” Metaphor and Symbol 19 (2004): 115–141.

11. An analysis of humorously creative similes, and of how they differ from others, can be found in: Tony Veale, “Humorous Similes,” HUMOR: The International Journal of Humor Research 21 (2013): 3–22.

12. The XYZ creation was first found in this guidebook to wines: Matt Skinner, Thirsty Work: Love Wine, Drink Better (London: Running Press, 2005), 62.

13. A computational account of XYZ metaphors is given in Tony Veale, Exploding the Creativity Myth: The Computational Foundations of Linguistic Creativity (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2012). A large-scale analysis of XYZ metaphors on the web can be found in Tony Veale, “The ABCs of XYZs: Creativity and Conservativity in Humorous Epithets,” in J. Manjaly and B. Indurkhy, eds., Cognition, Experience, and Creativity (New Delhi: Orient Blackswan, 2014).

14. The name “NOC list” is a nod to the MacGuffin in the movie Mission: Impossible. The resource itself, whose content is satirical in intent, is described in more depth in Tony Veale, “Round Up the Usual Suspects: Knowledge-Based Metaphor Generation,” in Proceedings of the Meta4NLP Workshop on Metaphor at NAACL-2016 (Stroudsburg, PA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2016).

15. The seventy-two-page one-shot comic book that pitted Superman against Muhammad Ali was released in 1978.

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