The Internet in Everything by Laura DeNardis;

Author:Laura DeNardis;
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9780300233070
Publisher: Yale University Press

The IoT Standards Landscape: Heterogeneity and Fragmentation

The term “Wild West” captures the frenetic pace and overlapping complexity of standards development for cyber-physical technologies. Many cyber-physical areas have numerous, competing standards in the same space. In some cases, entirely new protocols are emerging. In other cases, standards development adapts entrenched communication standards to the unique requirements and constraints of cyber-physical architectures. The number of standards-setting consortia is rising, some newly formed around the IoT. Established standards-setting institutions have moved into this space as well. Real-world companies are now involved; digital-only companies participate. It is not yet clear which standards will become dominant or even what standards-setting institution or institutions will be authoritative. In some areas, monocultures are developing, in which only one brand of connected object is able to communicate with an intelligent controller made by the same company. This condition invokes the proprietary computer networking environment of the 1980s, when only one brand of computers could interconnect and only by using that company’s proprietary network operating system. In other cases, common standards are emerging but compete with other specifications in the same technical layer.

What are some evolving standards in this space? Figure 3 is a completely nonexhaustive snapshot but does serve to illustrate the wide variety of newer standards, in alphabetical order and spanning a variety of functional areas of standardization.

Any exchange of information—whether communication between people or control signals between things—simultaneously uses numerous standards. Using the public Internet has always involved hundreds upon hundreds of technical standards, or blueprints, that software and hardware manufacturers use to ensure that their products and services interact with those created by other developers. For example, HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) standardizes secure information exchange between browsers and websites; Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is the underlying standard for making calls over the Internet.

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