SAGE Handbook of Punishment and Society by Simon Jonathan & Richard Sparks

Author:Simon, Jonathan & Richard Sparks
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9781473971387
Publisher: SAGE
Published: 2012-10-17T16:00:00+00:00

NOTES

1 See Jonathan Simon (2000) for a more general discussion of the decline of social science (especially sociology) interest and intervention into American prisons in the mass incarceration era.

2 Scholars have used the terms ‘mass incarceration’ and ‘mass imprisonment’ somewhat interchangeably to characterize these phenomena. In this chapter I will generally use ‘mass incarceration’.

3 Six years later, the UK has still not complied with this ruling, though. The right to vote is also considered a basic human right in Canada and in South Africa, and the European Court on Human Rights cited Canada’s and South Africa’s policies in the Hirst decision – Hirst v. The United Kingdom (No. 2) [2005] ECHR 681, 42 EHRR 41, (2006) 42 EHRR 41.

4 The American Correctional Association does offer a voluntary institutional accreditation process, and publishes detailed guidelines of recommended minimum standards, but this organization has no regulatory power. See van Zyl Smit (2010) for more on this.

5 While it did not reference international human rights standards at all in the decision, the majority opinion was written by Justice Kennedy who has been among the most vocal in terms of applying international norms and standards to challenges involving various aspects of American criminal justice.

6 The US Congress passed the Prisoner Litigation Reform Act 1995 (PLRA), which severely constrained prison inmates’ access to federal courts and imposed substantial limits on the ability of federal courts to intervene in prison conditions cases.

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