Preventive Nutrition by Adrianne Bendich & Richard J. Deckelbaum

Author:Adrianne Bendich & Richard J. Deckelbaum
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Springer International Publishing, Cham

Adipose Tissue Subtypes and Bone Quality

In addition to fat distribution, the underlying type of fat may also be a key determinant of bone quality [65]. White adipose tissue (WAT), the primary site of energy storage, is distributed throughout the body [66]. It is comprised of unilocular lipid droplets—85 % lipid composition—virtually all of which is in the form of triglycerides [65]. WAT regulates insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism in the liver and muscle through multiple mechanisms including IGF-1 [66]. Brown adipose tissue (BAT), on the other hand, exists in discrete lobules in many species, primarily in the intrascapular and peri-renal regions in the newborn [67]. It plays a central role in both basal and inducible energy expenditure by regulating thermogenesis [67]. It is composed of multiple small lipid droplets with abundant mitochondria that oxidize nutrients and generate heat [67]. It is highly vascular and shows increased blood flow when activated [67]. BAT may regulate bone area in developing children and adolescents, while by adulthood it may be present in very small amounts with highly variable detectability [65, 67]. A retrospective, cross-sectional, single-center study examined the relationship between BAT and cross-sectional area of the femur in 40 children and adolescents [65]. PET/CT imaging was used to ascertain the amount of BAT as well as midshaft images of the femur to assess cross-sectional area and cortical bone area [65]. BAT was found to correlate with femoral cross-sectional area and cortical bone area after accounting for height, weight, and gender. These data suggest that BAT may play a key role in determining bone size and potentially bone strength [65].

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