Memory: A Very Short Introduction (Very Short Introductions) by Foster Jonathan K

Author:Foster, Jonathan K. [Foster, Jonathan K.]
Language: eng
Format: mobi
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Published: 2008-11-05T16:00:00+00:00

Organization and errors in memory

The palest ink is better than the best memory.

Chinese proverb

In the 1960s and 1970s, some studies were carried out on chess players to find out how well they could remember the positions of chess pieces on a board. The studies showed that chess masters could remember 95% of the pieces on the chessboard after a single 5-second glance. But weaker chess players were able to position only 40% of the pieces correctly, and needed eight attempts to reach 95% correct performance. Examined in more detail, the findings suggested that the advantage enjoyed by the chess masters stemmed from their ability to perceive the chessboard as an organized whole, rather than as a collection of individual pieces. Similar effects have been shown with expert bridge players when they attempt to recall bridge hands, or where electronics experts are asked to remember electronic circuits. In each case, it appears that the experts organize the material into a coherent and meaningful pattern. Drawing on a rich background of prior experience, experts seem to be able to enhance their memory performance significantly above that of non-experts.

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