Mechanical Properties of Human Tissues by Arnab Chanda & Gurpreet Singh

Author:Arnab Chanda & Gurpreet Singh
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9789819922253
Publisher: Springer Nature Singapore

4.6 Breast

Fat, fibrous tissue, and functioning glandular tissues such as mammary glands and milk ducts comprise the breast [46, 47]. During breastfeeding, the infant gets the milk from the milk collecting ducts, which open at the nipple. The breast is divided into 15–25 lobes by branching ducts connecting the collecting ducts to the terminal lobular units. The thickness of the breast skin is critical in defining the mechanical properties of the breast tissue. The mean thickness of breast skin described in the literature was 1.55 ± 0.25 mm for ultrasound [48], 1.32 ± 0.33 mm for mammography [49], and 1.45 ± 0.30 mm for computed tomography [50]. Additionally, the breast skin thickness was assessed to be between 0.50 mm and 2.10 mm [48–52].

Understanding the elastic characteristics of breast tissue may aid in a variety of medical applications, including determining the changes due to radiation and tissue expansion during implant-based breast restoration [53]. Sutradhar and Miller [48] evaluated the range for the elastic modulus of breast tissue and reported it to be within the value 195 kPa to 480 kPa. They declared an average elastic modulus of 344 ± 88 kPa for the breast tissue. Multiple studies have shown that the elastic modulus may be used to calculate the mechanical properties of breast tissue [53–55]. According to Gefen and Dilmoney [56], the second to sixth ribs offer strong structural support for the breast, with mean ultimate stress of 106 MPa and a mean elastic modulus of 11.5 GPa in the lateral/medial direction. Breast tissue has a Poisson’s ratio of ∼0.5 and is stated to be incompressible [46]. The modulus of elasticity of breast glandular tissue is between 2 and 66 kPa, whereas the shear modulus of adipose tissue is between 0.5 and 25 kPa [57]. In comparison, the elastic modulus of human chest skin estimated between 0.2 and 3 MPa, with a failure strain of 60–75% and a thickness of ∼2 mm. Arroyo et al. [58] used vibro-elastography to determine the elastic modulus of cancerous tumors, both benign and malignant. The elastic modulus of benign tumors (39.4 ± 12 kPa) was found to be 65% greater than that of healthy breast tissue (23.91 ± 4.57 kPa). In comparison, a 131% rise in malignant lesions was detected with an elastic modulus of 55.4 ± 7.02 kPa.

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