Islamophobia in Muslim Majority Societies (Routledge Advances in Sociology) by Enes Bayraklı & Farid Hafez

Islamophobia in Muslim Majority Societies (Routledge Advances in Sociology) by Enes Bayraklı & Farid Hafez

Author:Enes Bayraklı & Farid Hafez [Enes Bayraklı and Farid Hafez]
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9780429876868
Publisher: Taylor and Francis
Published: 2018-12-06T16:00:00+00:00


Comparisons and conclusions

To summarize and conclude, we identified significant convergences in the nature of Islamophobia rhetoric employed in both the French satirical magazine, Charlie Hebdo and the Turkish magazine, Penguen. These similarities in Islamophobic narrative include the framing of Islam as backward and contrary to progressive, liberal Western values, Muslim males as aggressive and sexually perverse, and Muslim females as either submissive or carriers of demographic threat. In both cases, these typical Islamophobic narratives are significantly informed by Orientalist ideas. In short, both magazines construct Muslims and Islam as being diametrically opposed to the hegemonic, and often Westernized, culture.

However, in the Turkish case, Penguen draws on both Western Islamophobic narratives in addition to its own historical and sectarian conflicts (such as the alleged Sunni–Alevi tensions). This multifaceted influence on the portrayal of Islamophobic satirical imagery in the country gives rise to an interesting and perhaps unique set of competing variables shaping the nature of Turkish Islamophobia. Arguably, the multi-layered nature of Islamophobic imagery apparent in Penguen relates to the internal Turkish national tensions between its Islamic past and, as perceived by some, its Western-facing future.

Most notably, we described Islamophobic content published in the Turkish magazine Penguen as being auto-Orientalist, thus ideologically speaking it was Orientalist in its basis, yet rather than these Orientalist and Islamophobic nations being applied by a traditional colonial or Western powers, the ideas are employed from within predominantly Muslim nations. Thus, the Orientalist lens is shifted from solely the Western gaze and adopted by the Orient itself.

Having reviewed the case of Penguen , we postulate that the roots of Turkish auto-Orientalism can, in part, be located in the 1923 revolution of the nation and in particular the move towards Western secularism by the country’s elite.

We argue that while the nature of Islamophobia apparent in Charlie Hebdo may not be novel or even unexpected, in the Turkish case our chapter not only sheds light on modes of Islamophobia in Muslim majority Turkey, but also problematizes assumed Eurocentric discourse of Islamophobia to underline that anti-Muslim tropes and their deployment is not limited to the traditional West, rather, it increasingly permeates previously considered geographical and ideological fault lines, thus calling into question the need for further evaluation of Islamophobia beyond the West.



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