Green Petroleum by unknow

Author:unknow
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 918279
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2012-06-05T23:00:00+00:00

Compact Fluorescent Lamp

Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) are considered to be the most popular lamps recently. Each CFL is reported to prevent the emission of 500-1000 kg of carbon dioxide and 4-8 kg of sulfur dioxide every year in the United States (Polsby, 1994). It is considered that a CFL consumes 4-5 times less energy and could last up to 13 times longer than the standard incandescent lamp producing the same lumen (Kumar et al., 2003). However, CFLs have some other environmental concerns. Energy Star (2008) reported that CFLs contain an average of 5 milligrams of mercury, as it is one of the essential components of CFL. The CFLs also contain phosphor, which is copper-activated zinc sulfide or the silver-activated zinc sulfide, the exposure of which has environmental impacts in the long-term. Hence, despite being energy-efficient, CFL still needs improvement to avoid the environmental impacts.

The global efficiency of the solar cell system including its pathways is shown in Figure 7.8. The average efficiency of such solar panels is 15%. The solar panels are made of silicon cells, which are very inefficient in hot climate areas, and are inherently toxic, as they consist of heavy metals, such as silicon, chromium, lead, and others. The energy is stored in batteries for nighttime operations. These batteries are exhaustible and have a short life even if they are rechargeable.

Figure 7.8 Flow chart showing pathway of generating artificial light from natural sun light.

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