Gimson's Pronunciation of English by Cruttenden Alan;

Author:Cruttenden, Alan;
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 1619568
Publisher: Taylor and Francis

(c)

Glottalisation—/ʧ/ is liable to glottal reinforcement before vowels as in where /p,t,k/ are, within GB, generally subject to reinforcement only when a consonant follows; and to glottal replacement of the [t] element alone as in . Both facts suggest that the [ʃ] element of /ʧ/ is in some sense the ‘following consonant’ which allows glottalisation of the preceding [t]. Contrary to sections (a) and (b) above, section (c) argues for an analysis of [ʧ] as always a sequence of [t] + [ʃ].

(d)

Native speakers’ reaction—It seems that the native speaker does not regard /ʧ,ʤ/ as composite sounds, i.e. composed of distinctive elements. He is likely, for instance, to consider that chip, catch, consist of three parts in the same way as tip, ship, or cat, cash; or again, jam, badge, as structures equivalent to dam, bad. (It is, of course, also true that GB /ʧ,ʤ/ derive in many cases from earlier (OE or OF) plosives [c] or , although this is irrelevant in any consideration of the present structure of the language.) On the other hand, /tr,dr/ are not normally regarded as anything but sequences of /t,d/ + /r/ and, in many dialects where the /r/ has a tap or trill realisation, there is no question of affrication.

(e)

Speech errors—Any of the elements of a consonantal cluster may be involved in a speech error, e.g. play the game → /skeɪm tu ә `stɒp/, came to a stop → /skeɪm tu ə `stɒp/ (Sometimes an error will involve a transposition, sometimes just an addition). In this respect /tr,dr/ behave like clusters, e.g. caught the tram → /krɔːt ðə `tam/ whereas /ʧ,ʤ/ are never involved in such errors; we do not, for example, get errors like ring the changes → whereas we do get 26

(f)

Conclusion—The criteria above on balance clearly suggest taking /ʧ,ʤ/ as phonemic affricates (despite the contrary evidence from glottalisation). On the other hand, of the other phonetic affricates only /tr,dr/ have some evidence favouring a uniphonemic analysis (i.e. the distinction between close-knit and disjunct), but even for these sequences the evidence is nowhere near as strong as for /ʧ,ʤ/. Accordingly only /ʧ,ʤ/ are here analysed as unit phonemes.

(3)

Acoustic features—The acoustic features of affricates are those appropriate to stops (see §9.2.2) and fricatives (see §9.4.1). Thus the most essential perceptual cues will be provided by the transition between the preceding vowel and the stop and by the nature of the following friction. Nevertheless, in the case of /ʧ,ʤ/, the transition will not necessarily be that which is typical of the alveolar plosives, since the stops of /ʧ,ʤ/ will be of a palatalised type; alternatively, there may be brief intervening friction of the alveolar /s,z/ type before the [ʃ,ʒ] elements proper.27

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