Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Disorders by Alluru S. Reddi

Author:Alluru S. Reddi
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Springer New York, New York, NY

Discontinuation of vitamin D, hydration, bisphosphonates, and low calcium diet improve hypercalcemia

Clinical Manifeststions

As Ca2+ is needed for functions of all organs, hypercalcemia affects all organ systems. The signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia depend on the severity and rate of rise of Ca2+ levels. Depending on serum Ca2+ levels, hypercalcemia is classified into mild (10.5–11.9 mg/dL), moderate (12–13.9 mg/dL), and severe (> 14 mg/dL) hypercalcemia. Renal and neurologic manifestations worsen with increasing severity of hypercalcemia. Also, a rapid development of mild to moderate hypercalcemia results in severe neurologic dysfunction. In contrast, chronic hypercalcemia may cause minimal neurologic signs and symptoms. Mild hypercalcemia may be asymptomatic in younger individuals, but may have profound effect in the elderly because of preexisting neurologic and cognitive dysfunction. Table 19.4 lists signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia.

Table 19.4Clinical manifestations of hypercalcemia

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