Coasts for People by Fikret Berkes

Author:Fikret Berkes [Berkes, Fikret]
Language: eng
Format: azw3
ISBN: 9781317674177
Publisher: Taylor and Francis
Published: 2015-02-10T16:00:00+00:00

Typically, communities set aside part of their LMMAs as a restricted area. The location and size of this tabu area, usually 10–15 percent of a village’s fishing waters, is determined by the community. Often, they are supported by the government through legislation that recognizes traditional use rights. They are based on revitalized traditional systems, complete with ceremonies (Johannes 1998a), and they may use biological moni toring methods. However, they are significantly different from MPAs. In an MPA, the government makes the decisions, often from afar and with little or no local input, often with poor results, and sometimes with counterintuitive outcomes (Lejano and Ingram 2009a).

Enforcement is a major problem in government-protected areas, especially in developing countries such as those in Asia–Pacific. Often MPAs depend on the ability of communities in the area to enforce conservation rules in a way such that they themselves can derive social and economic benefits from them, consistent with commons theory (Berkes 2004). For example, in the Roviana Lagoon, Solomon Islands, Aswani and Hamilton (2004) found that there were marked differences among neighboring villages with respect to conservation. Villages that held strong commons rights could protect the “corporate sea estate” (village fishing territory) against poaching, but other villages, which had weak rights (and thus little conservation incentive), could not or did not.

The Province of British Columbia on the Pacific coast of Canada has a concentration of MPAs. This is a part of Canada with complicated legal disputes over land and resource rights of indigenous peoples referred to as First Nations (Turner at al. 2013a). Many of these disputes have been over threats to resources and ecosystems used by First Nations. In some cases, negotiations have resulted in power sharing, producing a diversity of different models of co-managed protected areas. Examples include government-designated parks, such as Pacific Rim National Park Reserve and Gulf Islands National Park Reserve, which has some level of co-management with tribes in the area. There are also First Nations-designated parks, such as Meares Island and Ha’uukmin Tribal Parks, established by the Tla-oqui-aht Nuu-chah-nulth First Nation. As well, there are Conservancies, the first designated class of protected area in Canada to be established with legal incorporation of First Nations’ interests (Turner and Bitonti 2011; Murray and King 2012).

Perhaps the best known of these is an ICCA, Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve and Haida Heritage Site. The Park is on Haida Gwaii (formerly Queen Charlotte Islands), an archipelago of over 200 islands off the north coast of British Columbia, the homeland of the Haida Nation. It was established in 1993 as the first fully co-managed national park in Canada, with equal representation by the Council of the Haida Nation and Parks Canada on its governing board. The trigger for the establishment of the park was concern over destruction of Haida ancestral village sites and Haida dissent over logging on one of the islands of Haida Gwaii in 1974. The intent of the Park was “to maintain and restore the rich cultural and ecological heritage of Gwaii Haanas for the benefit, education and enjoyment of present and future generations.

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