Tattooed Skin and Health (Current Problems in Dermatology) by
Language: eng
Format: azw3
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Published: 2015-03-24T04:00:00+00:00
Quality Control of Pigments in the Manufacturing of Tattoo Inks
Because pigments are produced for different applications (table 1), a tattoo ink manufacturer can't act on the assumption that the purchased pigment fulfills all limits prescribed in ResAP(2008) (table 2). Therefore, every new batch of pigment has to go through strict quality controls.
Almost every ink producer does not have the capacity to perform quality control analysis inhouse, so contract analysis is common in this industry. For the determination of aromatic amines, heavy metals and PAHs, the pigment sample is extracted in a buffered solution of 0.1 HCl for 2 h, like is prescribed for the analysis of impurities in textiles [2]. Hence, only extractable impurities can be determined. Subsequently, aromatic amines and PAHs can be determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and heavy metals can be determined using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Microwave extraction in strong acids is not carried out because this simulates the complete destruction of the pigment, which usually does not happen in the skin. Laser treatment can cleave the pigment into smaller particles, which can release a higher amount of impurities. However, microwave extraction is not comparable to laser treatment because it completely solubilizes the pigment, which doesn't happen during laser treatment. In order to evaluate the safety of pigments according to the impurities, it might be necessary to have two different validated sample preparation methods: (1) simulation of their long-term stay in the bodily fluid of the dermis and (2) simulation of cleavage due to laser removal or ultraviolet exposure. This could help to evaluate the safety of pigments and make the maintenance of their safety during production easier.
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