The Penguin Dictionary of Islam (Penguin Reference) by Nanji Azim

Author:Nanji, Azim [Nanji, Azim]
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9780141920863
Publisher: Penguin Books Ltd
Published: 2008-04-24T00:00:00+00:00

The children of humanity are each others’ limbs

That share an origin in their creator.

When one limb passes its days in pain

The other limbs cannot remain easy.

You who feel no pain at the suffering of others,

It is not fitting for you to be called human.

Sadiyya Sufi order originating in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries which spread widely in Egypt, Turkey and the Balkans. The order’s founder, Sa’d al-Din Shaybani, played an important role in the history of DAMSACUS. Many of its members can still be found in Syria.

al-Sadr, Muhammad Baqir (1935–1980) Prominent Imami Shia leader in Iraq under the regime of Saddam HUSSEIN. He wrote extensively on how Muslim values could be integrated into everyday economic and social life. His activism and opposition to Saddam led to his imprisonment and eventual execution. Members of his family continue to play an active role as religious leaders in Iraq.

Sadr al-Din, Pir Preacher and missionary. Active during the fourteenth century, Pir Sadr al-Din is regarded as one of the most important figures in the conversion of Hindus in Sind and Gujarat to Nizari Ismaili Islam (see ISMAILIYYA). He continued a tradition of bridging the worlds of Indian and Muslim spirituality by linking traditional Hindu narratives and poetry in the vernacular to the Ismaili tradition.

Sadr al-Din Shirazi See MULLA SADRA SHIRAZI.

Sadyah Gaon See SAADIA GAON.

Safa One of two small hills (the other is Marwa) which are an integral part of the pattern of rituals in the annual Hajj. See HAJJ; PILGRIMAGE.

Safawids Dynasty that ruled in what is now Iran from 1501 to 1732, taking their name from Safi al-Din Ishaq, founder of the Safawiyya, a Sufi order whose leader claimed supreme religious and political authority. In time, they associated their form of Sufism with Twelver Imami Shiism (see ITHNA ASHARIYYA). Shah Ismail, a descendant of Safi al-Din, captured Tabriz in Iran, making it the capital of their dynasty. He united various groups and consolidated Twelver Imami Shiism as the dominant tradition of the new dynasty. This caused the migration of Shia scholars from Iraq to Iran. The growing power of the dynasty led to conflict with the OTTOMANS. During the long reign of Shah Abbas I (1588–1629) the Safawid Empire expanded, leading to increased trade, growth of its cities and patronage of the arts. He established a new capital in Isfahan and consolidated the institutional role of Twelver Shia scholars in the life of the state. Isfahan and other cities in the empire grew in status, becoming important centres of learning, architecture and the arts. The period also gave rise to outstanding scholars of philosophy, law and mysticism and the further development of centres of learning and pilgrimage such as MASHHAD and QOM.

Disputes and rivalry between competing princes caused the decline of Safawid power and control over their empire, and by the middle of the eighteenth century rebellions had caused much of the territory to be lost, as the Ottomans and Russians also took advantage of Safawid weakness. The Safawid period continues to be renowned,

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