Seeing Human Rights by Sandra Ristovska
Author:Sandra Ristovska
Language: eng
Format: epub
Tags: activism; video; images; visual evidence; verification; proxy profession; human rights; journalism; law; advocacy; politics; policy; new institutionalism; professionalization; open source investigation; witnessing; Amnesty International; Human Rights Watch; WITNESS; Syrian Archive; Forensic Architecture
Publisher: MIT Press
This case suggests that the assumed sensory authority of videoâits portrayal of the emotional layers of the war experiencesâalso makes it an exceptionally persuasive device. This belief lingers in the prosecutorsâ understanding of why video is more effective than narration.
The persuasive power of video was often invoked during the presentation of evidence at the ICTYâs trials. In the trial against Radovan KaradžiÄ, the former president of Republika Srpska (in Bosnia and Herzegovina), the prosecution questioned a witness after showing a video about the shelling of the Markale market in Sarajevo.
MR. GAYNOR:â â Iâd now like to move to a video which has already been admitted in evidence as P1450, and Iâll be playing some extracts from that. Initially, Iâd like to play the first minute of this video, please.
[Video clip played.]
MR. GAYNOR:â â We stopped at 48 seconds.
Q:â â Mr. Besic, itâs been repeatedly asserted in this court that many of the bodies at the Markale I and Markale II incidents were brought from the front-line, that the bodies were already dead. I want to ask you if you can comment on that assertion.
A:â â Itâs difficult to comment. We can see, with our own eyes, everything that happened. All sorts of stories circulated, that bodies were brought there and planted there. However, weâve seen whatâs going on. If dead bodies had been brought here, then the wounded people here would not be acting this way. You see the man without his lower leg. If you look at the other photographs and recordings, you will see parts of extremities. There were all sorts of stories and guesses, but the facts are here.48
The video clip used here starts with a wide shot of dead and injured bodies on the street. As cars pass by, people move the bodies to the side of the market. Sirens and painful screaming accompany the sights of blood and death. The camera situates the viewer in the midst of the incident. Although the video does not show actual evidence of who killed the people or how the bodies appeared there, the presumed link between the shelling attack and the immediate panic on the street is what provided this video grounds for evidentiary submission in KaradžiÄâs trial. The witnessâs response to this footage reiterated the importance of seeing. Screening the video and subsequently examining the witness implied the importance of visual persuasion in court. The video was framed as an undeniable testament to the horrors in Sarajevo, capable of dismissing any false allegations.
Facilitated by the relatively flexible rules of evidenceâto provide background and setting for crimes in countries far away from the courtroom in The Hagueâthe prosecution screened many videos as contextual evidence. In the case against Slobodan MiloÅ¡eviÄ, the former president of Serbia, for example, the prosecution showed excerpts from a two-hour video depicting executions committed by the paramilitary unit Scorpions, which were filmed by a Scorpions member with a hand-held camera. The complete video features three key scenes. In the first, a Serbian Orthodox priest sings a prayer and gives blessings to Scorpions (figure 4.
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