Oncolytic Viruses by Unknown

Author:Unknown
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9781493997947
Publisher: Springer New York

Key words

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytesTumor-associated macrophagesNanoStringOncolytic virusCytokine multiplexLEGENDplexVSV-GP

Krishna Das, Carles Urbiola, and Bart Spiesschaert contributed equally to this work.

1 Introduction

Oncolytic viruses had originally been conceived as biological therapeutics to directly target and kill cancer cells. Over the past 25 years, this initial tumor-centric view has expanded to recognize that oncolytic viruses are powerful immune stimulators with potential to induce antitumor immunity and overcome the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment [1, 2]. Oncolytic virus-induced immunogenic cell death can release tumor-associated antigens, which are cross-presented to T cells by endogenous antigen-presenting cells [3]. Furthermore, some oncolytic viruses with transgene capacity can be “armed” with additional therapeutic elements [4], such as immune-modulating genes, checkpoint inhibitors, suicide genes, or antiangiogenic factors [5]. To fully capture these immune-modulating effects of virotherapy in all their complexity, we routinely employ a multidisciplinary approach for in-depth analysis of virus-treated tumors. This includes FACS analysis to characterize specific cellular immune components, cytokine multiplex quantifications, and NanoString assays with the PanCancer Mouse Immune Profiling gene panel [6] to dissect immune-related RNA expression levels in the course of virotherapy.

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