Edexcel A-level Year 2 Geography Student Guide 3: The Water Cycle and Water Insecurity; The Carbon Cycle and Energy Security; Superpowers by Cameron Dunn & Michael Witherick

Author:Cameron Dunn & Michael Witherick [Dunn, Cameron; Witherick, Michael]
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 978-1-4718-6571-8
Publisher: Hodder Education
Published: 2017-04-07T04:00:00+00:00

Exam tip

It can be hard to decide how to classify some countries, e.g. is Russia a superpower or an emerging power? In the exam, the key is being able to explain the category in which you place a country using evidence.

Mechanisms of power

Table 14 shows possible ways of measuring power. The USA, EU and China are at or near the top in all columns. Other countries, such as India and Russia, do well only in some rankings.

The types of power these rankings suggest can be placed on a spectrum from hard power to soft power.

• Hard power: using military and economic influence (trade deals, sanctions) to force another country to act in a particular way.

• Soft power: more subtle persuasion of countries to act in particular ways, on the basis that the persuader is respected and appealing. Includes political persuasion (diplomacy) and cultural influence.

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