Epicardial Adipose Tissue by Unknown

Author:Unknown
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9783030405700
Publisher: Springer International Publishing

In addition, microRNAs , which comprise a vast spectrum of small RNA molecules involved in post-transcriptional regulation, are also produced by PVAT. MicroRNAs have been implicated in several processes, ranging from the recruitment of inflammatory cells to adipose tissue browning, myocardial fibrosis, atherosclerosis, and vascular smooth muscle cell activation, and their profile changes in response to obesity, insulin resistance, and coronary artery disease [48]. Furthermore, PVAT-derived exosomes have been shown to promote M1 pro-inflammatory polarization of macrophages and to accelerate atherosclerosis in ApoE−/− mice [49]. The differential regulation of adipose tissue-derived exosomes and microRNAs in obesity and diabetes mellitus, as well as the proven effects of weight loss and exercise on the levels of specific micro-RNAs in the adipose tissue, has highlighted microRNAs as potential therapeutic targets in obesity-related CVD.

Finally, the immunologic state of adipose tissue, mainly macrophage infiltration and polarization, is described as a crucial regulator of its function, as PVAT inflammation, through the release of a range of cytokines and chemokines, is associated with vascular dysfunction [50]. It is becoming evident that adipose tissue, with its highly diverse secretome, can be critical to both health and disease. PVAT exerts anti-contractile, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects to the adjacent vasculature, while at the same time retaining the ability to undergo remodeling, and adapt an inflamed, pro-oxidant profile, shifting its phenotype from protective to detrimental for the vessels [24].

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