What Is Cognitive Psychology? by Michael R. W. Dawson
Author:Michael R. W. Dawson [Dawson, Michael R. W.]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Tags: PSY008000 PSYCHOLOGY / Cognitive Psychology & Cognition
Publisher: Athabasca University Press
4.6 Structure, Process, and Control
The preceding sections described many possible architectural choices, which in turn produce a variety of cognitive theories. I now explore how cognitive psychologists can create radically different accounts of the same phenomena by making different architectural decisions.
Many examples in Chapter 2 involved the modal memory model (Shiffrin & Atkinson, 1969; Waugh & Norman, 1965). That model depicts memory as a sequence of different stores (iconic memory, primary memory, and secondary memory) with different architectural properties (symbols, processes, durations, and capacities). The architectural differences between stores in the modal memory model emphasize different assumptions about structure and process (Section 4.5).
However, we do not define information processing using only structure and process. Information processors must also incorporate control (Section 1.1). Control determines which process manipulates a data structure at any given time. Cognitive psychologists who emphasize control over structure and process produce very different theories from the ones produced by cognitive psychologists who emphasize structure and process over control.
The levels of processing theory of memory provides one example of a control-based memory theory (Cermak & Craik, 1979; Craik, 2002; Craik & Lockhart, 1972; Lockhart & Craik, 1990). That theory replaces a structural account of memory with a procedural account. Lockhart and Craik (1990, p. 88) sought to displace âthe idea (a) that memory could be understood in terms of elements (âitemsâ) held in structural entities called memory stores, (b) that the fate of an item so stored was determined by the properties of this store.â
Craik and Lockhart used depth of processing to displace structural accounts of memory. Depth of processing reflects the degree to which we analyze a stimulus. Deep processing involves a semantic analysis of an item. For example, participants might determine whether each word in a list belongs to the category flower. Shallower processing involves analyzing non-semantic properties. For instance, participants might determine whether each word in a list rhymes with train.
Participants who perform deeper processing of a list also perform better in a surprise memory test, supporting levels of processing as an alternative account of the memory phenomena introduced in Chapter 2. Many view Craik and Lockhartâs theory as attacking the distinctions between memory stores in the modal memory model. Craik and Lockhart believe that this view is overstated (Craik, 2002; Lockhart & Craik, 1990).
Importantly, depth of processing is under conscious control. We can deliberately decide to pay attention to stimulus meanings and therefore determine how well we remember items. Improving memory by performing deeper analysis offers another perspective on the mnemonic techniques introduced in Chapter 2.
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