The Mature Mind by Gene D. Cohen

Author:Gene D. Cohen
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9780786721993
Publisher: Basic Books

FLUID INTELLIGENCE VS.

CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCE

Related to the different modes of memory are the important concepts of fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence. Fluid intelligence is on-the-spot reasoning ability—a kind of raw mental agility that doesn’t depend completely on prior learning. It includes the speed with which information can be analyzed as well as attention and memory capacity. This is the type of native intelligence that IQ tests strive (not always successfully) to measure. Crystallized intelligence, on the other hand, is accumulated information and vocabulary acquired from school and everyday life. It also encompasses the application of skills and knowledge to solving problems.

Many studies have shown that fluid intelligence slowly declines with age, whereas crystallized intelligence often improves or expands. Many people continue to gain expertise and skills in particular areas throughout life. The great historian Arnold Toynbee was referring to crystallized intelligence when he remarked, at age seventy-seven, that “my reward for having reached my present age is that this has given me time to carry out more than the whole of my original agenda; and an historian’s work is of the kind in which time is a necessary condition for achievement.”

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