The Analysis Of Mind by Russell Bertrand

Author:Russell,Bertrand.
Language: eng
Format: mobi
Tags: PHILOSOPHY. PSYCHOLOGY, Philosophy of mind
Publisher: George Allen And Unwin Limited.

1 This is a necessary but not a sufficient condition. The subject of accuracy and vagueness will be considered again in Lecture XIII.

stimulus, but that makes no difference as regards our present question. Thus to revert to memory : A memory is " vague " when it is appropriate to many different occurrences : for instance, " I met a man " is vague, since any man would verify it. A memory is " precise " when the occurrences that would verify it are narrowly circumscribed : for instance, " I met Jones " is precise as compared to "I met a man." A memory is " accurate" when it is both precise and true, i.e. in the above instance, if it was Jones I met. It is precise even if it is false, provided some very definite occurrence would have been required to make it true.

It follows from what has been said that a vague thought has more likelihood of being true than a precise one. To try and hit an object with a vague thought is like trying to hit the bull's eye with a lump of putty : when the putty reaches the target, it flattens out all over it, and probably covers the bull's eye along with the rest. To try and hit an object with a precise thought is like trying to hit the bull's eye with a bullet. The advantage of the precise thought is that it distinguishes between the bull's eye and the rest of the target. For example, if the whole target is represented by the fungus family and the bull's eye by mushrooms, a vague thought which can only hit the target as a whole is not much use from a culinary point of view. And when I merely remember that I met a man, my memory may be very inadequate to my practical requirements, since it may make a great difference whether I met Brown or Jones. The memory " I met Jones " is relatively precise. It is accurate if I met Jones, inaccurate if I met Brown, but precise in either case as against the mere recollection that I met a man.

The distinction between accuracy and precision is, however, not fundamental. We may omit precision from out thoughts and confine ourselves to the distinction between accuracy and vagueness. We may then set up the following definitions:

An instrument is "reliable*' with respect to a given set of stimuli when to stimuli which are not relevantly different it gives always responses which are not relevantly different.

An instrument is a " measure " of a set of stimuli which are serially ordered when its responses, in all cases where they are relevantly different, are arranged in a series in the same order.

The " degree of accuracy " of an instrument which is a reliable measurer is the ratio of the difference of response to the difference of stimulus in cases where the difference of stimulus is small. 1 That is to

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