Plant Cell and Tissue Culture – A Tool in Biotechnology by Karl-Hermann Neumann & Ashwani Kumar & Jafargholi Imani

Author:Karl-Hermann Neumann & Ashwani Kumar & Jafargholi Imani
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9783030490980
Publisher: Springer International Publishing

A digoxin product, Lanoxin, is the brand name of a Burroughs Wellcome product and has the largest market of the company’s cardiovascular drugs. The major markets of Lanoxin are in the USA and Italy, and the total sales are approximately 6000 kg/year at US$50 million. Other companies, such as Boehringer Mannheim, Merck Darmstadt, and Beiersdorf AG in Germany, also sell cardiac glycosides.

Digitalis lanata and Digitalis purpurea are commonly used for the production of cardiac glycosides (Fig. 10.6). Muir et al. (1954) were among the first to work in this field. Staba (1962) investigated the nutritional requirements of tissue cultures of D. lanata and D. purpurea.

Plumbagin, a naphthoquinone compound (5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, PL) occurring mainly in Plumbago species (family Plumbaginaceae), was well-known for its use in traditional medicines. It is mainly produced in the roots of Plumbago zeylanica (Plumbaginaceae), which is distributed in Southeast Asia, India, and China. However, among all Plumbago species, Plumbago indica (syn. rosea) is the best source for harvesting plumbagin (Gangopadhyay et al. 2008). According to several current reports (Chetia and Handique 2000), Plumbago indica is becoming rare in several parts of India. P. indica hairy root culture provides an attractive system for the production of plumbagin: a secondary metabolite with high economical and medicinal relevance (Gangopadhyay et al. 2008).

The medicinal properties of Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) root preparations are attributed to the anxiolytic sesquiterpenoid valerenic acid and its biosynthetic precursors valerenal and valerenadiene, as well as the anti-inflammatory sesquiterpenoid β-caryophyllene. In order to study and engineer the biosynthesis of these pharmacologically active metabolites, a binary vector cotransformation system was developed for V. officinalis hairy roots (Ricigliano et al. 2016).

The presence of pyridine alkaloids, such as nicotine, nornicotine, anabasine, and anatabine, is characteristic for Nicotiana species. The first committed step in nicotine biosynthesis is the N-methylation of putrescine to N-methylputrescine (Hashimoto and Yamada 1994) catalyzed by putrescine methyltransferase (PMT). Putrescine is directly derived from ornithine or indirectly from arginine.

Azadirachtin (C35H44O16) obtained from Azadirachta indica (neem) is a high-value secondary metabolite commercially used as a broad-spectrum biopesticide. Allan et al. (2002) established hairy root cultures from stem and leaf explants of Azadirachta indica A. Juss (neem) following infection with Agrobacterium rhizogenes . Srivastava and Srivastava (2013) reported batch cultivation of Azadirachta indica hairy roots in different liquid-phase bioreactor configurations (stirred tank, bubble column, bubble column with polypropylene basket, and polyurethane foam disc as root supports) to investigate possible scale-up of the A. indica hairy root culture for in vitro production of the biopesticide, azadirachtin. The hairy roots failed to grow in the conventional bioreactor designs (stirred tank and bubble column). They reported batch cultivation of A. indica hairy roots in modified bubble column reactor (with polypropylene mesh support). The incorporation of a PUF disc as a support for the hairy roots inoculated inside the bubble column reactor facilitated increased biomass production and azadirachtin accumulation in hairy roots (Srivastava and Srivastava 2013).

Phenylpropanoids from plants, which are composed of stilbenes, flavonoids, flavonols, flavonones, and anthocyanins, have beneficial health properties (Putignani et al. 2013; Trantas et al.

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