Mood by Patrick M. Burke

Author:Patrick M. Burke
Language: eng
Format: epub, azw3
ISBN: 9781616148348
Publisher: Prometheus Books
Published: 2013-10-17T16:00:00+00:00

SUMMARY

Simply put, bipolar disorder has two poles: mania and depression. Mania is associated with increased positive emotion and may be seen as a state of heightened awareness of positive signals and a heightened drive toward goals, achievement, and reward, even when there are negative consequences to behavior. At the other pole of depression, there is less participation in positive activities, and a loss of interest in pleasurable activities, that may lead to active avoidance of activities associated with positive mood.

The general consensus is that bipolar disorder emerges from abnormalities arising during development in both the structure and function of networks regulating emotional processes, as indicated by decreased connections among ventral prefrontal networks and limbic regions, especially the amygdala. The evidence is also consistent with the idea that bipolar disorder is a disorder of motivational systems and their regulation.

Considerable evidence suggests that genes play a major role in determining the susceptibility to bipolar disorder, possibly with multiple genes each with a small effect. Events are also important. Manic and hypomanic symptoms can be precipitated by both positive and negative events, and depression is precipitated by severe negative events as it is in those who do not have bipolar disorder. Temperament characterized by disinhibition and greater novelty seeking is linked to later bipolar symptoms. Symptoms found in mania appear early in life. Anxiety and sleep disorders, followed by minor mood symptoms and depression before mania emerged. Early anxiety greatly increased the risk of later mania. Symptoms of depression appear next, but symptoms of mania or hypomania tended not to emerge until well into adolescence.

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