Engineering Problems for Undergraduate Students by Xian Wen Ng

Author:Xian Wen Ng
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9783030138561
Publisher: Springer International Publishing

ΔGs arises due to the creation of an interface between the new solid phase and the solution phase. This quantity is always a positive value and works against crystallization as it increases the overall Gibbs free energy ΔGf. ΔGs is representative of a surface tension, and is therefore proportional to the surface area of the new crystal forming.

ΔGb is influenced by the degree of supersaturation S of the solution which relates to the difference in chemical potential of the crystal μcrystal and the solution of its ions μions. Using the example of a spherical crystal, ΔGb can be expressed in terms Δμ as shown below, whereby k is the Boltzmann constant, T is temperature, c is the concentration of ions in the solution, ceqm is the equilibrium concentration of ions in a saturated solution, r is the radius of the crystal cluster being formed, and a is the size of individual units making up the crystal cluster.

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