Bird Minds: Cognition and Behaviour of Australian Native Birds by Gisela Kaplan

Author:Gisela Kaplan [Kaplan, Gisela]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Tags: Science, Life Sciences, Zoology, General, ornithology, nature
ISBN: 9781486300204
Google: oJxZCgAAQBAJ
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Published: 2015-08-03T20:35:30+00:00

Fig. 9.5. Fear expression. (Left) A stilt’s half open beak and, characteristically, in fear the tongue (clearly visible here) tends to move up towards the upper mandible. (Right) A tawny frogmouth displays mild alarm and shows off the pale green inner lining of the lower mandible. Note also that the eyes are wide open and further gape-widening in conjunction with wide-open eyes indicates threat. Note the slight constriction of the pupil. Both song- and non-songbirds have semi-open beak expressions in fear. A fully open beak tends to indicate threat and, as in the tawny frogmouth and the ostrich, is accompanied by loud vocal noises. (For a full description of the many varied facial expressions in tawny frogmouths see Kaplan 2007a.)

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