Antibiotics and Antibiotics Resistance Genes in Soils by Muhammad Zaffar Hashmi Vladimir Strezov & Ajit Varma

Author:Muhammad Zaffar Hashmi, Vladimir Strezov & Ajit Varma
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Springer International Publishing, Cham

11.2 Chemical Nature of Antibiotics in Soil

Biodegradation/transformation into metabolites forms a sink for antibiotics in soil. Therefore, high quantities of antibiotics reach to agricultural fields by manure application or directly through animal excretion (via urine and faces), depending on their structure and chemical nature they can persist for years (Du and Liu 2012).

Sequential extraction is used to analyze soil (manure-amended) samples to explain the sequestration behavior of SDZ and its main metabolites further (Forster et al. 2009). However, this residual fraction is apparently not covalently bound. So it can be remobilized to a possible long-term risk in soil. Several data sets are available on the fate of SDZ after application of manure to soil (Hammesfahr et al. 2008; Heuer et al. 2008).

Sulfadiazine, widely used antibiotic, has two main metabolites that are:(a)4-hydroxy-SDZ

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