A Companion to Europe 1900-1945 by Martel Gordon;

Author:Martel, Gordon;
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 819472
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated
Published: 2011-03-03T05:00:00+00:00

An Overview

The remainder of this chapter will offer a brief overview and then consider three key aspects of the settlement: national self-determination, the League, and reparations. Chronologically, the period of peacemaking might be divided into four: from October 1918 to January 1919; January to March 1919; March to June 1919; and July 1919 to July 1923. The first period was dominated by wartime bodies and had to cope with the end of the war, the armistice, and preliminary peace planning. The first half of 1919 was mainly concerned with drawing up the peace treaty with Germany. The first quarter was the era of the Council of Ten, the second that of the Council of Four. The final four years cover the period between the signatures of the treaties of Versailles and Lausanne. Versailles on June 28, 1919, was followed by Saint Germain with Austria on August 20 and Neuilly with Bulgaria on November 27. The Paris conference wound down to be replaced by a rather confused period of conflictingconferences in early 1920. The Treaty of Trianon was signed with Hungary on June 4 and the Ottomans signed Sèvres on August 10, 1920, apparently concluding the process. The Turks, who had accepted the most abject of the armistice conditions of all the defeated enemies in 1919, and who had been last in the peacemaking queue, now revolted against the Ottoman system and the peace settlement. The new secular state of Turkey, led by Mustafa Kemal, became the only one of the former Central Powers to negotiate a peace settlement. The final act of World War I ended in Lausanne on July 24, 1923; peacemaking had lasted longer than the fighting.

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