Trust, Politics and Revolution: A European History by Francesca Granelli

Author:Francesca Granelli [Granelli, Francesca]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Tags: International Relations, History & Theory, Political Science, Political Process, Political Freedom, History, Revolutionary, General
ISBN: 9781788314725
Google: 3jq8DwAAQBAJ
Goodreads: 43804347
Publisher: I.B. Tauris
Published: 2019-11-14T00:00:00+00:00

76 Although determining cases and deciding culpability typically relied on ‘oath-takers’, biased accounts were more often the result of prejudice than perjury, as the fear of facing God’s wrath was deep and genuine. Stern (2004), p. 621.

77 ‘They were the record and statement of villein status, servile dues, and labour obligations that the insurgents sought to eradicate’ (Emery (1996), p. 15). Burning these records was a symbolic gesture, a way of securing their future. Barker (2014), ch.16.

78 Neville notes that Scottish medieval ‘records are redolent of the language of friendship’ and ‘quite consciously imbued them with the multi-layered meaning of friendship’ (2010 p. 191), while Alfonso X’s Siete Partidas includes an entire title on friendship (in Book IV). Contemporary documents are now used to analyse and track such friendships. Knobbe et al. (2014).

79 Scorpo (2014).

80 Harriss (1993), p. 37.

81 White (1933).

82 Embodying major changes: to recruitment, organization and foot soldiers’ pay in the rapidly expanding armies of the day. Keen (1999), p. 148.

83 Notably coincided with thirty widespread conflicts between nobles and the king between 1215 and 1415. Valente (2003).

84 Younger sons deprived of landed inheritance had to find their place in society – as knights, the new urban elite or serving in the rapidly developing ecclesiastical or secular administrative bureaucracies. Moore (2000).

85 Under the influence of Cluny monks in the twelfth century, a social and ethical dimension is added to the profession, giving moral impetus to the Crusades. They espoused theories of the ‘just’ war, creating the ‘knights of Christ’ (miles Christi). Medieval literature provided guides, glorifying and critiquing a knight’s behaviour. Saladin, Godfrey of Bouillon, William Marshal and Bertrand du Guesclin all demonstrated knightly behaviour. They differed from mercenaries, bands of paid foot soldiers, noted for their lawlessness – they quickly fell from favour in the thirteenth century. Mallett (1999).

86 Although nobles wanted to feel that they voluntarily pledged their oath of allegiance, they were bound by custom and the wider community. Reynolds (2012), IX, pp. 92–93.

87 Examples include the Peasants’ Revolt (1381) and the Jack Cade Rebellion (1450).

88 Drawn from Roman law, it dominated the fourteenth century, but never prevailed in England. Post (1964), pp. 310–32.

89 Compare John Salisbury’s (1259) Policraticus, together with other ‘mirrors of princes’ literature, such as Marsilius’ (1324) Defensor pacis, in which he calls for an elected monarch, and Ockham in his defence of secular states against clerical pretensions.

90 Reinforced by the ‘…assumption that good order required good government, and that good and lawful government meant consultation and collective judgement in accordance with [accepted] custom, as well as on the due obedience of subordinates to those placed over them’. Reynolds (2012), XVI, p. 16.

91 First recorded in the late eleventh century, medieval communes took many forms and varied widely in organization and make-up from real city-states, based on partial democracy in parts of Italy, to free cities independent of local nobility in Germany.

92 Seen as violent and often guilty of sin. See Sizer (2008), p. 220, the fear of ‘the mob’.

93 Greif (2006)

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