King of Fish by David Montgomery
Author:David Montgomery [DAVID R. MONTGOMERY]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Basic Books
Published: 2011-12-01T00:00:00+00:00
Gregory and Barnesâs conclusions still ring true today when state efforts tend to favor hatchery production in order to maximize short-term returns for commercial fishing interests.
Jurisdictional conflicts between state and federal agencies charged with regulating and protecting the salmon fisheries hampered conservation efforts. The problem of multiple jurisdictions plagued not only the Columbia River salmon, shared by Washington and Oregon, but also the sockeye runs of the Puget Sound and Fraser River, which supported fishing fleets from both Canada and the United States. Competition and cross-border differences in regulations began to undermine conservation efforts before the end of the nineteenth century. A joint Canadian-U.S. commission established in 1892 to investigate the condition and conservation of the regionâs salmon recommended application of the more conservative Canadian regulations to American harvest of Fraser River sockeye (which spawn in Canada). Uninterested in limiting their catch by applying more stringent regulations, American fishing interests increased the intensity of their fishing on Fraser River runs.
Canadian interests blamed American overfishing for the decline of Fraser River Sockeye. Americans retorted that the Canadians werenât really heeding their own regulations anyway. This stalemate led to the appointment of another commission to propose uniform regulations for the boundary fisheries of Washington and British Columbia. The commission proposed restrictions on the size and type of fishing gear, closed seasons, prohibitions against taking immature fish, and provisions addressed at preventing water pollution. But American approval of uniform fishing rules under an international treaty would put the federal government in the position of negotiating over issues that the state of Washington considered its prerogative. Although Canada passed legislation to adopt the new rules, Congress, under pressure from industry and stateâs rights advocates, failed to enact the rules. So the Canadians repealed their new rules and the process started all over again.
Decades later, John Cobb, in a 1930 report, âPacific Salmon Fisheries,â written for the U.S. commissioner of fisheries, described the dynamic of negotiations at this time between Canada and the United States:
Several abortive attempts have been made by the authorities of Canada and British Columbia on the one side and the State of Washington on the other to arrive at some equitable method of protecting this sockeye run. The former especially have professed an earnest desire to do something along this line, and there is no reason to doubt their sincerity. On the American side a few people, and among these a few of the more intelligent canners, pleaded for the enactment of laws that would adequately protect the salmon, but they were overborne by the great bulk of the packers and fishermen who, disregarding all the warnings and teachings of experience, insisted upon going ruthlessly forward with the slaughter, and when reproached with their shortsightedness clamored for the establishment of more salmon hatcheries, as though the latter could accomplish the miracle of increasing the supply of fry from a steadily decreasing supply of eggs. (Cobb (1930, 504)
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