Differentiating with Graphic Organizers by Patti Drapeau

Author:Patti Drapeau
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9781634507882
Publisher: Skyhorse Publishing
Published: 2016-04-04T16:00:00+00:00

Common Criteria Used in Making Judgments

Effectiveness

Time

Money

Safety

Fairness

Resources

Ease of use

Enjoyment

Usefulness

Suitable

Legal

Appeal

Improvements

Students can use criteria to form judgments based on either inductive or deductive reasoning. The inductive reasoning approach works well for students who process information from the specific to the general. For example, a student uses the criteria “interesting,” “exciting,” “fast paced,” and “a page turner” to determine her judgment about a book she’s reading, then concludes, “I think this is the best book I ever read.”

Students use a deductive approach when their thinking moves from the general to the specific. For example, the student who says, “I think this is the best book I ever read,” justifies her judgment based on specific examples from the story. She may use examples rather than criteria to support her judgment. The examples, however, are applications of criteria. The “judge” graphic organizer in this chapter uses a deductive approach.

Judgment does not function in isolation; that is, to make a judgment, you need something to think about. The output or application of ideas allows students to make judgments (Costa, 1991, p. 49). Huitt’s (1998, p. 3) definition of critical thinking is “the disciplined mental activity of evaluating arguments or positions and making judgments that can guide the development of beliefs and taking action.” Teachers can help students use critical thinking to understand how opinion, bias, and fact influence judgment. Because assumption, inference, analysis, and prioritization are all elements that affect judgments, these skills should be practiced in a disciplined way so they can be applied to a judgment or justification. Students can use a rating scale, rubric or, Richard Paul’s (1999, pp. 3–30) universal intellectual standards—such as clear, accurate, precise, logical, significant, and fair—to evaluate a judgment. According to Paul, these standards can be applied to any question.

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