The Making of the Roman Army: From Republic to Empire by Lawrence Keppie

Author:Lawrence Keppie
Language: eng
Format: mobi, epub, pdf
Published: 2005-12-17T04:07:44+00:00

X Fretensis Octavian, 41– after naval victory in

bull, dolphin,

40

Fretum Siculum (Straits of galley, boar

Messina), 36

X Gemina

Before 58

‘Twin’,

after bull

amalgamation following

Actium

XI Claudia Caesar, 58

after loyalty to Claudius, Neptune

AD 42

XII

Caesar, 58 ?

‘Equipped

with thunderbolt

Fulminate

Thunderbolt’

XIII Gemina Caesar. 57 or ‘Twin’, after

lion

The making of the Roman army 124

Octavian, 41– amalgamation

40 ?

XIV Gemina Caesar, 54 or ‘Twin’, after

Capricorn

Octavian, 41– amalgamation

40 ?

XV

Octavian, 41– ‘Sacred to Apollo’, in ?

Apollinaris 40 ?

commemoration ? of

Actium battle (p. 135)

XVI Gallica Octavian, 41– after service in Gaul

? lion

40 ?

XVII

Octavian, 41– —

?

40 or later? )

XVIII

Octavian, 41– —

?

40 or later? )

XIX

Octavian, 41- —

?

40 or later? )

XX Valeria

Octavian,

‘Valiant and Victorious’ boar

Victrix

before 27?

(see p. 138)

XXI Rapax Octavian,

‘Grasping’ (in predatory Capricorn

before 27?

sense)

XXII

on annexation after Deiotarus, king of ?

Deiotariana of Galatia, 25 Galatia

close of the Civil Wars there must have been many men under arms who were not

citizens by birth, or if Italian by descent had not lived in Italy for many years. Local natives were doubtless attracted by the promise or prospect of full citizenship, and

financial rewards in the event of victory, but few achieved them.

The emergence of the imperial legions 125

Before the last generation of the Republic, legionaries by definition had been Roman

citizens acting in defence of, or to further the interests of, their homeland. The revelation that other sources of manpower could be tapped was a legacy of the Civil Wars, to

become increasingly important later.

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