Psychology in Brazil by Unknown

Psychology in Brazil by Unknown

Author:Unknown
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9783030113360
Publisher: Springer International Publishing


Researching

Neo-Kantians of the Baden or Southwestern School, late nineteenth century, resumed the theory that knowledge differed by conceptual characteristics of their objects. They were concerning with the function of phenomenon (capta) and noumenon (data) for understanding knowledge in its various forms and substances, as illustrated in the contrast between physics or biology with history or culture. This theoretical understanding led to two methodological views, implying idiographic methods for the study of capta and nomothetic methods to the study of data. A century later, Richard Lanigan (1988, 1992, 1994), in order to compare theory and methodology in the human sciences, reaffirmed the difference but resized the relationship between objects and their conceptual characteristics. According to Lanigan (1992), theory implies in the conjunction between an eidetic model (realization) and an empirical model (actualization). Thus, the eidetic model would be analytical (deduction, sufficiency) and critical (adduction, necessity); and the empirical model would be experimental (induction, actuality) and experiential (abduction, possibility). In turn, methodology would imply in the combination and contrast between quantity (what is given) as the true condition method (probability); and quality (what is taken) as a necessity and sufficient condition method (possibility).

Lanigan’s (1992) epistemological view had anticipated what is now recognized in neuropsychology as first- and third-person perspective. The first-person brings back the experiential and subjective perception of a living experience, and the third-person allows standardized and shared observations for induced actions in predetermined situations. In this design, the experimenter himself lives both perspectives when he reverses the order of experience to the order of analysis, also being able to recognize the second-person perspective, that is, the clear demarcation of a theory as consensual criteria of judgment (intersubjectivity). Thus, my research (see Gomes 2018), which I call of experimental phenomenology, attends the logic requirements of abduction (it is experiential), induction (it is experimental), deduction (it is analytical), and adduction (it is critical).

The methodology that I could develop and expand is based on Lanigan’s epistemology (1988, 1992). I began to realize the logical continuity and discontinuity between qualities (capta) and quantities (data) in a series of three studies on psychotherapy effectiveness. At first, my collaborators and I interview 10 psychology students who were in psychological treatment. The idea was to know about their experience of being in psychotherapy (Gomes et al. 1988). Two years later, I interviewed the same students to find out how they were and, if so, how the end of psychotherapy occurred (Gomes 1990). I was impressed with the narrative confluences and the way they anticipated our interview items. Then, I decided to confront our qualitative interpretations with the Strupp’s Rate Questionnaire (Gomes et al. 1993; Strupp et al. 1964). The results were surprising. The quantitative study showed that psychotherapy is an intensely emotional experience. In contrast, the qualitative study contextualized the emotion in the particular sense of each case. The quantitative study defined the important elements of the therapeutic relationship and its treatment impact. In contrast, the qualitative study pointed to relationship contradictions, showing interviewee difficulties in taking what they lived in psychotherapy to their daily lives.



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