Printing Architecture by Ronald Rael and Virginia San Fratello

Author:Ronald Rael and Virginia San Fratello
Language: eng
Format: mobi
Publisher: Princeton Architectural Press
Published: 2018-03-25T16:00:00+00:00

The Notre Dame du Haut, Hairline Drawing

Sand

Natural sands are eroded or weathered particles of rocks. Sand is made by simply grinding up rocks into increasingly smaller pieces, and glaciers do it best. Sand can also be made out of living creatures, from shells and other organisms of the living world, and many beaches are composed of pulverized animal shells. Sand grains can originate from catastrophic geologic phenomena, as when molten lava erupts from volcanoes and shatters in the air, scattering particles across the oceans to land as tiny grains. This black volcanic sand can be found throughout the world, as on the black beaches of Hawai‘i. But by far, most sand grains are made of quartz, one of the earth’s most common ingredients, and are formed every single day, on every exposed piece of land, by the process of weathering.1

Sand is found in every country of the world and is used to make the most mundane and the most technologically advanced products, from toothpaste to microchips. Sand is a material in flux, blowing in the wind and creating shifting sand dunes, but it is also an important global commodity on which nations are built. For example, Singapore is 22 percent larger today than it was in the 1950s because billions of metric tons of sand have been added to the existing island since that time. Singapore is planning to expand its territory by another fifteen thousand acres over the next fifteen years.2 However, the increase in size of one nation means the decrease of another. In Indonesia, some two dozen islands have disappeared since 2005 because of sand mining—largely by Singapore.3

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