Polymer Chemistry by Sebastian Koltzenburg Michael Maskos & Oskar Nuyken

Author:Sebastian Koltzenburg, Michael Maskos & Oskar Nuyken
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg

11.4 Catalysts Made from Late Transition Metals

In addition to the widely discussed catalysts made from early transition metals, which were dealt with in ► Sects. 11.2 and 11.3, in the last few years catalysts made from late transition metals such as iron, nickel, or palladium have also been studied. ◘ Figure 11.21 shows examples of nickel-based polymerization catalysts (Mülhaupt 2003). The catalysts shown at ◘ Fig. 11.21d and e can produce high molar mass polymers but the catalysts shown at ◘ Fig. 11.20a–c tend to result in the formation of oligomers. Nevertheless, this reaction has also become technically important for the commercial production of α-olefins from ethene and is known as the Shell Higher Olefin Process (SHOP).

Fig. 11.21Examples of nickel-based polymerization catalysts. Complexes described by (a) Keim, (b) Klabunde, (c) Ostoja-Starzewski, (d) Brookhardt, and (e) Grubbs

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