Physical Exercise for Human Health by Unknown

Author:Unknown
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9789811517921
Publisher: Springer Singapore

Common features

Common medical comorbidities

Neurobiological, psychosocial, and functional consequences

Mechanisms, risks, and protective factors

The goal of this framework is to incorporate neurobiological processes and psychosocial features into the definition of chronic pain, to account for both similarities and differences in various chronic pain conditions, and to guide research and treatment protocols [9].

16.2 Epidemiology of Chronic Pain

The prevalence of chronic pain is reported to range anywhere from 10 to 65% of adults in the United States with most reported estimates in the 30% range [4, 8, 10, 11]. It is also estimated to affect 25–35% of adults worldwide [10, 12]. This translates to approximately 100 million people in the United States and closer to 1.5 billion people worldwide [6].

Generally, pain sensitivity is strongly genetic and occurs in a bell-shaped curve in the general population [1, 5]. Those more sensitive to pain at baseline are understandably more vulnerable to chronic pain conditions [5]. Chronic pain tends to occur more commonly in females and in individuals over age 40 [7]. Some authors have described a “pain-prone phenotype” that includes risk factors of female sex, personal history of trauma, family history of pain, and a cognitive tendency to catastrophize [5].

Though there’s little agreement on the best definition of chronic pain [4], the cost of chronic pain is undisputed. CLBP alone is estimated to cost $365–560 billion per year in healthcare utilization, disability, and lost productivity [13]. According to some reports, chronic pain affects more people in the United States than diabetes, cancer, and heart disease combined, which highlights the need to better understand and treat this problem [2].

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