Next Civilization by Dirk Helbing

Author:Dirk Helbing
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9783030623302
Publisher: Springer International Publishing

For such reasons, further social mechanisms have emerged, including “altruistic punishment”. As Ernst Fehr and Simon Gächter have shown in 2002,6 if players can punish others, this will promote cooperation, even if the punishment is costly. Indeed, if people can choose between a world without sanctions and a world where misbehavior can be punished, many decide for the second option, as evidenced by experimental research conducted in 2006 by Özgür Gürek, Bernd Irlenbusch and Bettina Rockenbach.7 Punishment played a particularly important role in the beginning of the experiment. Later on, people behaved more cooperatively, and although punitive sanctions became rare, they were nevertheless important as a deterrent.

Note that punishment by “peers”, as it was studied in these experiments, is a very widespread social mechanism. In particular, it is used to establish and maintain social norms, i.e. certain behavioral rules. Every one of us exercises peer punishment many times a day—perhaps in a mild way by raising eyebrows, or perhaps more assertively by criticizing others or engaging into conflict, which is often costly for both sides.

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