Intelligence in IoT-enabled Smart Cities by Fadi Al-Turjman

Intelligence in IoT-enabled Smart Cities by Fadi Al-Turjman

Author:Fadi Al-Turjman
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: CRC Press


Hybrid [10, 57, 73, 75, 76]

Single-Sensor [3, 21, 55–65]

Large Scale Application

+

Limited

Flexibility

+

Limited

Cost Effectiveness

+ (large scale)

Sensor Dependent

General Reliability

+

Low

Service Providers

+

+*

Overall Recommendation

+ (medium-large scale)

+ (small scale)

6.11 Open Issues

In this chapter, a complete survey of existing smart parking solutions was discussed where several types of sensors in terms of their functionalities and their strengths and weaknesses were introduced. As discussed in the chapter, we cannot find a single best sensor that is applicable for all the smart parking solutions. Some may fail in extreme weather or they are required to be placed inside pavements which have their own complications. Others may have limited use in certain applications due to privacy and security issues. Therefore, the efforts to diminish these shortcomings in the information collection are now put into mobile sensing devices where some of the limits or barriers of fixed sensors can be addressed. However, due to irregularities in spatiotemporal coverage and the issue of big data that are being transmitted, aggregation of such data and predicting the availability of the parking spots are the challenges, but if these challenges are tackled correctly this could be the new future of mobile sensing devices.

Moreover, having a reliable, fast, and secure mode of communication in a SPS is another problem. As discussed in this chapter, the new era of LPWAN communication protocol seems to be the future of commutations as they provide large area coverage, low power consumption, and a high battery lifetime, as well as higher security measures compared to the legacy communication modules. Large scale applications of LPWAN are still being studied as there is still the issue of interoperability and coexistence with other WSN. A large amount of data and big packet sizes that are being transmitted require steadfast, end-to-end encrypted communication. As it was estimated that by 2023, there would 20–40 billion connected devices, there could be a bottleneck in the existing communications infrastructures that affects this scenario [104].

The 5th generation mobile network is expected to be the center of the emerging IoT devices in the near future. With the ever-increasing applications in cloud computing and smart devices, 5G can promise to address, some if not all, the current issues of telecommunications. Studies are now underway to integrate existing devices with 5G wireless communication.

Connected vehicles is also another interesting option that is being used in several applications of smart parking solutions. Mobile sensors connected to the vehicles and smart mobile applications that could identify parking spots are now introduced by car manufacturers. The idea of connecting everything including our cars to each other may sound overwhelming as it can provide attractive services such as real-time navigation, crowdsourced information, and many other services. However, the current technologies in connected vehicles may limit the full potential of these types of application, particularly in urban areas [105]. Varying speed, the need for a better routing protocol, specific bandwidth for communication, and the need for high-speed communication technology to send and receive information, and in general the QoS including delays are the challenges in the current era of connected vehicles.



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