Inside the Dark Web by Ozkaya Erdal; Islam Rafiqul;

Author:Ozkaya, Erdal; Islam, Rafiqul;
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group
Published: 2019-06-15T00:00:00+00:00

There would be no global control at the operations level.

These rules became the foundation of a more reliable and efficient global network. However, there still were some challenges that needed to be addressed. To begin with, there needs to be an algorithm to identify lost packets and request their retransmission. There was also a need for host-to-host pipelining. This would allow for multiple packets to be sent to a single destination from different sources. With the introduction of gateways, there was a need for them to have functions that would enable them to forward packets correctly to their networks. They needed to read information in IP headers to use it for routing packets. In response to these and other concerns, some basic approaches were formed. Communication was to be done into streams of bytes, every flow of bytes would be done through sliding windows with acknowledgments, and then IP addresses were formed to identify hosts within the network. These basic approaches strengthened and improved the efficiency of the global network.

With these improvements, TCP/IP was being adopted. Initially, it was thought that TCP/IP would be too complex for personal computers. However, using early versions of the Xerox Alto personal computer and IBM PC, the practicality of TCP/IP was proven. In the 1980s, there had been developments in the computing world with many personal computers, workstations, and small networks between a few computers (local area networks). To accommodate the new increasing number of hosts that would be eventually connected to the global network, some changes were done to IP addressing. Three network classes were introduced: A, B, and C. Class A were for national scale networks, class B for regional scale, and class C for local area networks. Due to the increase in the number of hosts on the global network, there arose a need to make it easier for hosts on it to be accessed. Initially, since there were a few hosts, it was feasible for people to use their numeric IP addresses to access them. However, with so many networks and computers, it was no longer feasible. Therefore, the Domain Name System (DNS) was introduced. This would allow for computers to access hosts using their hostnames. The DNS would resolve the hostnames into the IP addresses (Figure 6.4).

In 1980, TCP/IP had been adopted as a defense standard by the military. In 3 years, the ARPANET was used mostly by defense forces, research and development, and operational institutions. By 1985, there were more users. The global network was being used for daily communications between people through email (Figure 6.5).

This then led to the worldwide adoption of the global network, and it was referred to as the internet. The internet grew beyond the normal usage to become exploited for commercial purposes. In the early 1990s, Tim Berners Lee invented the World Wide Web. This allowed for documents on the internet to be identified using Unique Resource Locators (URLs). The World Wide Web enabled users on the internet to access information that had been linked to the internet anywhere in the globe.

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