Innovation, Governance and Entrepreneurship: How Do They Evolve in Middle Income Countries? by Sefer Şener & Stefan Schepers

Author:Sefer Şener & Stefan Schepers
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Springer International Publishing, Cham

Examples of Social Entrepreneurship in Turkey and Selected Middle-Income Countries

More environmental problems are occurring today and thus the concept of social entrepreneurship is being discussed more than ever. One of the main reasons for this is the recent wave of social activism supported by the brilliant intelligence and motivation of many social entrepreneurs who play major roles in the achievement of massive actions; as well as their passion for vision and mission of their activities (Jackelen 2012, p. 1). Individuals realising social transformation innovatively in fields of education , health , environment , human rights , development initiatives, etc. are being explained (Sobhani and Gasnier 2012: 1). Organisations are forced to make unethical decisions as countries experience economic recession and crisis, increased populations, fast technology developments, strong competition and ambition for much more profit; consequently, these decisions receive much criticism. These criticisms have brought social entrepreneurship to the fore, as well as highlighting the social responsibilities of organisations . If we have a look at the past of today’s global organisations, we might see that there have been ethical dilemmas as well as successful social entrepreneurships including ethical decisions. In this section, we try to give examples of social entrepreneurship including ethical decisions, and not unethical decisions, made by of organisations.

One of the most remarkable examples relating to social entrepreneurship in the scope of organisations is Grameen Bank, a bank operating in Bangladesh and a member of Ashoka , which was established by Prof. Dr. Muhammed Yunus, a Bangladeshi economist. Prof. Dr. Yunus went to a slum village with his students for a field survey when he was teaching at Chittagong University in 1974. While there, they talked to a woman making stools from bamboo and learned that she was paying around 15 pennies for unprocessed bamboo to make each stool and, after paying an intermediary, made a profit of 1 penny. In order to increase their subsistence level, Prof. Yunus sees the opportunity to raise economic livelihoods of the 42 women bamboo waivers by lending money at more advantageous rates from his own pocket. Thus, he started a microcredit application (providing people with business opportunities by granting loans in small amounts). Against recommendations by banks and the government, Yunus continued to grant micro-size loans and established Grameen Bank in 1983—‘Grameen Bank’ means ‘Village Bank’—on the principles of trust and cooperation. In 2006, Yunus and Grameen Bank were deemed worthy of the Nobel Prize for “efforts given to constitute a microcredit system in order to create an economic and social development from the bottom to the top” (www.​grameen-info.​org/​index.​php).

Another important microcredit example is the Women’s Bank established by Chetna Sinha, an organisation focused on defending women’s rights in both a financial sense and relating to rights specific to women and supporting them. Sinha’s organisation is also involved in activities relating to the development of education and infrastructure and performs its activities in drought-affected areas in the West India region. Sinha aims to provide women with land and animals, develop their entrepreneurial

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