Green and Sustainable Pharmacy by Klaus Kümmerer & Maximilian Hempel

Author:Klaus Kümmerer & Maximilian Hempel
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg

They differ for example during storage, in the human body and municipal sewage, sewage treatment or surface water. Bacterial diversity and bacterial density differ in these different environments. The metabolic diversity and the sheer number of bacteria and their potential and pathways for the breakdown of molecules (i.e. number and species of enzymes) differ. Other conditions of importance that differ are moisture light, temperature, oxygen concentration and pH.

Stability and degradability are a question of kinetics and thermodynamics, i.e. the relation between energies and the time scales of the different reaction pathways. Bioactive chemicals such as pharmaceuticals have to have a certain reactivity within their range of application. If they did not react they would not be bio-active and therefore useless for their intended purpose. It should also be noted that some pharmaceuticals are applied as pro-drugs. Before they can exert their desired effects, pro-drugs are activated in the human body first.

All APIs would be useless without the reactivity necessary to produce effects in the body of the target organism. Any effect, wanted and unwanted, is based on some interaction of APIs with other molecules, e.g. receptors or enzymes. They display their reactivity within a special environment, e.g. within the human body, where they are activated in a specific manner. The knowledge described above will enable us to design APIs and adjuvants not only for optimised performance during their application but also within the latter stages of their life cycle. The challenge is to design a molecule in such a way that its lifetime is sufficient for its use but which is restricted to its intended environmental conditions. Critical life times can be derived from stability and physical-chemical properties, i.e. the temporal and spatial range of a chemical (Kümmerer 1996, Scheringer and Dunn 2002).

Download

Copyright Disclaimer:
This site does not store any files on its server. We only index and link to content provided by other sites. Please contact the content providers to delete copyright contents if any and email us, we'll remove relevant links or contents immediately.